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Thursday, August 1, 2013

PPT On Osteoporosis


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Osteoporosis Presentation Transcript:

1.Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become weak and are more likely to break.
People with osteoporosis most often break bones in the hip, spine, and wrist.

2.Osteoporosis
is also known as the “silent disease” or the “silent thief” because bone is lost with no signs. You may not know that you have osteoporosis until a strain, bump, or fall causes a bone to break.

3.Osteoporosis can strike at any age.
It occurs to both men and women.
But mostly older women.

4.Fractures from osteoporosis are more common than heart attack, stroke and breast cancer combined.

5.Causes of Osteoporosis

6.Gender. Women get osteoporosis more often than men.
Age. The older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
Body size. Small, thin women are at greater risk.

7.Ethnicity. White and Asian women are at highest risk. Black and Hispanic women have a lower risk.
Family history. Osteoporosis tends to run in families. If a family member has osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that you will too.

8.Other Factors
Sex hormones.
Low estrogen levels due to missing menstrual periods or to menopause can cause osteoporosis in women. Low testosterone levels can bring on osteoporosis in men.
Anorexia nervosa.
 This eating disorder can lead to osteoporosis.

9.Anorexia nervosa.
This eating disorder can lead to osteoporosis.
Calcium and vitamin D intake.
 A diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you more prone to bone loss.
Medication use.
 Some medicines increase the risk of osteoporosis.

10.Activity level.
 Lack of exercise or long-term bed rest can cause weak bones.
Smoking.
 Cigarettes are bad for bones, and the heart, and lungs, too.
Drinking alcohol.
Too much alcohol can cause bone loss and broken bones.

11.Prevention

12.Eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D

13.Exercise

14.No to excessive drink or smoke.

15.Diagnosis
A bone mineral density test is the best way to check your bone health. 
Diagnose osteoporosis and tell you whether you are likely to break a bone.
Check bone strength
See if treatments are making the bones stronger.

PPT On Introduction To PROTEINS

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Introduction To PROTEINS Presentation Transcript:
1.PROTEINS

2.What is a Protein?
A protein is a compound found in all living cells in both plants and animals.
The term is very important, so much so that it is derived from the Greek word meaning “first”
Proteins are in your hair, nails, skin, muscles and blood.
They are made of nitrogen-containing amino acids assembled in chains.
They build and maintain the body
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are strung together like railroad tracks.
There are 20 different amino acids
These amino acids cannot be made in the body or in the quantities needed .

3.What is a protein?/Structure of Protein
Must be obtained from foods
Called essential amino acids because they must be derived from foods.
The rest are called nonessential amino acids.
Essential amino acids(pg163)
Proteins are formed when amino-acid backbones join end to end

4.Functions of Protein
They function as a part of the body's structure. Hair, muscles, bones, skin, blood, blood vessels and digestive tract.
Used for building and maintaining body tissues . Worn-out cells are replaced at regular intervals.
The greatest amount of proteins needed when the body is building new tissues rapidly.
Enzymes are made of protein.
Enzymes are catalysts that help break own substances, build up substances, or change one substance into another
There are also some hormones that are made of proteins.
Antibodies are blood proteins and their job is to bind with foreign bodies or invaders.
Proteins transport iron and other minerals some vitamins fats and oxygen through the blood.

5.Plays a role in body fluid balance and acid base balance of the blood.
Protein fibers known as fibrin help form blood clots.

6.Health effects of Proteins
Too much protein has no benefits.
High protein diets  can become a concern if you are eating too many high fat animal proteins. It raises the cholesterol
Cancers are produced from high intake of anmal proteins.
High protein intake can also cause calcium loss.
Too little protein can  can cause protein-energy malnutrition.

7.Dietary Recommendations
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) 0.36 grams of protein per pound of body weight or 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight
Taking in enough protein each day to balance losses in a Nitrogen Balance
RDA from plants and/or animal amount creates protein balance called Nitrogen Balance
In periods of growth, depending on age, the body needs to take in more protein than it excretes causing a Positive Nitrogen Balance
During starvation and some illnesses the body excretes more protein than it takes in causing a Negative Nitrogen Balance
The RDA is to have 10% - 35% of daily k calories come from protein

8.Ingredient Focus: Meat, Fish and Poultry
Meat is fattier than poultry or fish
Trimmed veal though is leaner than skinless chicken
Chicken/Turkey breast (white meat) with no skin is approximately 3 grams of fat in 3 ounces of meat
Most fat in chicken/turkey comes from the skin
Chicken wings can be white meat but are fattier than drumsticks
When buying ground chicken/turkey make sure the package states no dark meat or skin
Duck and goose are all dark meat so are the fattier of the poultry
Least amount of fat in beef comes from eye of round, then top round, then bottom round

9.Vitamins and Minerals
Meat (Beef) - Protein, Iron, Copper, Zinc, and B Vitamins
Poultry – Protein, Niacin, B6, B12, riboflavin, iron, zinc, magnesium
Fish and shellfish – Moderate cholesterol, low in kcalories, Vitamins E and K, iron and potassium
Fattier fish are a good source of omega-3 fatty acid
Page 175 has a break down of different fish and shellfish

10.Soy and Their Health Benefits
Foods containing soy protein may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
Women with high consumption of soy foods have lower rates of breast cancer
Soy my also hlp promote bone health.

11.Irradiation
A process approved in 1997 that teats red meat producs with a dose of radiation
Process was started to combat the public health problem ECOLI
Fda has allowed the irradiation of a number of foods such as
Poultry
Fresh fruits
Veggies
Dry spices and seasonings

PPT On DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBER

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DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBER Presentation Transcript:
1.DO YOU STILL REMEMBER DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBER?

2.Lets see this example…

3.Lets see another example…

4.Decimal Division

5.Divide decimal by whole number

6.Divide decimal by decimal

7.Another Examples:

THE TEACHER’S VIEW OF SCHOOL AND THE STUDENT’S VIEW OF SCHOOL


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THE TEACHER’S VIEW OF SCHOOL AND THE STUDENT’S VIEW OF SCHOOL Presentation Transcript: 
1.THE TEACHER’S VIEW OF SCHOOL AND THE STUDENT’S VIEW OF SCHOOL

2.TTHE TEACHER’S VIEW OF THE SCHOOLHE TEACHER’S VIEW OF THE SCHOOL

3.THE DESIRE FOR PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP…?
The largest single reason people give for entering teaching career
Want to work with the young:
   i)Surveys conducted by the National Education Association indicate that 62% of men and 67% of women enters teaching because they want to work with the young (National Education Association, Status of the American Public School Teacher)
  ii)It is the singe most important reason teachers give for staying in teaching (Eli Bower, Teachers Talk about Their Feelings)

4.In the beginning, teacher’s desire is to have primary relationship with their students:

     i) Address the “individual needs” of the student
    ii) Seek caring
     iii) Mutually supportive relationship
     iv) Together achieve mutually important goals

5.ONCE GETTING INTO THE ROLE…
School institutions is not suited for the primary relationships
A difficult and lonely process
Students may test the new teacher
The classroom situation encourages the traditional role of teacher and social distance.

6.SOCIALIZATION BY DEFAULT
Traditional teacher role:
     businesslike and autocratic manner
May not happen quickly and consciously
Started by imitating the manner and actions of the other teachers awkwardly,
    but eventually they become committed to their roles not by choice but by default 

7.SOCIAL DISTANCE
Definition :
The situation where the teachers progressively distance themselves from the students.
Not a universal phenomenon, but commonly happens.

8.
1)Protection from hurt
A shield against personal pain
When teachers might feel pain?
realize the limits of their ability to help the students.
aware they have to handed over the class at the end of the year

9.Holding negative emotions in check
experiencing the pressures of teaching
physically and emotionally exhausted
teachers have the possibility to lose their temper
So, teachers make use of the social distance to monitoring their behavior and try to channel their emotion within the teacher’s role only

10.Protection from accusation of favoritism
teachers could be accuse having favorite students if they see the teacher having a close relation with other students
social distance can makes favoritism easier to resist

11.1)Teacher’s attire

2) Formalistic manner in dealing with students
students are required to address teachers formally
informality is seen as disrespectful and a potential challenge to teacher’s authority 

12.Stay in their role as a teacher
Never let the students see them outside of their role as a teacher
However, teachers may step out of the role:

        i) schools establish teachers room or lounge that is off limits to students
     ii) school organize role-release activity

13.Social Distance and Teacher Authority
Social distance is a method for maintaining teacher authority.
Have the power to control the privilege and punishment systems in the school
However, teacher’s power is always limited and lately, increasingly powerless

14.THE TEACHER- STUDENT RELATIONSHIP AND CLASSROOM AUDIENCE

15.Teacher – student relationship goes on before an audience of other students
Affect the content and tone of the exchange
The veteran teacher advice novice teacher to discuss a student’s misbehavior outside of class and away from other student

PPT On Red Paper Clip

Story of the Red Paper Clip
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Red Paper Clip Presentation Transcript:
1.Story of the Red Paper Clip

2.How it all began …On July 12, 2005, while living in Montreal, Kyle Macdonald launched an unlikely sequence of online trades which would earn both him and the town of Kipling Saskatchewan Canada places in the Guinness Book of World Records.

3.Starting with
a single red paper clip, the young entrepreneur began “trading up”

4.Kyle traded
the paper clip for a fish-shaped pen

5.The fish shaped pen for a
unique door knob

6.The door knob for a
camp stove

7.The camp stove for a
generator

8.Which was traded for a
keg party !

9.Other trades were for
a snowmobile, and a snowmobiling adventure to Yahk British Columbia Canada

10.And it continues
A cube van, a recording contract, a year’s condo rental in Phoenix, Arizona USA

11.for a day with Alice Cooper !

12.Next
The entrepreneur arranged for a double switch with Actor-Director Corbin Bernsen, an avid collector, who agreed to accept a “KISS” snow globe in exchange for a role in an upcoming Hollywood movie

13.The movie role was offered online and Bert Roach, who was Kipling’s Economic Development Officer at the time, proposed to Council that an offer be made.

14.The Final Trade
After some negotiation, Kipling traded the house at 503 Main Street in exchange for the movie role. That final trade was made on July 12, 2006, one year to the day after Kyle Macdonald had begun his world record trade sequence with a single paper clip. The house itself is now most often referred to as “The Red Paper Clip House”.

15.With terms
As a part of the terms of the trade, Kipling also erected the World’s Largest Red Paper Clip, which was unveiled July 12, 2007.

PPT On Introduction To Renewable Energy

Presentation On Introduction To Renewable Energy
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Introduction To Renewable Energy Presentation Transcript:
1.Renewable Energy

2.Present Energy Resources
Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas are all of limited amounts. Cant be replaced.
Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium for nuclear fission reactors but reprocessing of fuel possible.
Difficult to estimate how long these fuels will last - but  is it sustainable economically or environmentally?

3.Renewable Energy
What is renewable energy?
What forms does it take?
Why is it needed?
Targets exist for renewable energy to generate 10% of electricity by 2010 and 20% by 2020!
Can these be achieved?
What forms of renewable energy will deliver these targets?

4.Forms of Renewable Energy
All sources of energy ultimately come from the sun.
This is particularly obvious in the case of renewable energies.

5.Solar cells
convert light into a small electrical output -milliwatts output.
need a bank/array of cells for useful output.
cost of cells is high but reducing.
efficiency of cells is up to 23%/ improving.

6.Solar Panels
are situated on roof of building.
absorb heat in the form of radiation from sun.
basically system is like a domestic central heating radiator painted black/insulated.
provides “topping up”
of domestic hot water.

7.Solar Roof tiles (Solar Grants now available)

8.Wind Turbines

9.Windpower
Each windturbine can produce between 1/4 and 2 MW of electrical power.
Windfarm needs to be located where there is a relatively high average wind speed.
Advantages?
Disadvantages?

10.Offshore Wind Turbines

11.Offshore Wind Cluster Features
Larger average wind speed than onshore
Easier planning consent
Technical expertise exists from oil rig experience
Suitable location

12.Tidal Power
Located at some coastal sites - usually estuaries and bays with large tidal range.
Shape of coastal site above and below sea level determines range eg Bay of Funday, Severn.
 At high tide reservoir of water is created which is allowed to ebb through turbines located in dam.
Expensive construction.

13.Biomass Plant in Fife
Plant burns poultry litter and produces 10MW of electricity and fertiliser
Fluidised bed boiler ensures efficient burning and low emissions

14.Conclusions
Major difficulties in attaining target of 10% of electricity generated by renewables by 2010
Main contributors to this target will be :-
Offshore and Onshore windfarms/clusters
Biomass/wood, straw, etc
Photovoltaic
But policies like Climate Change Levy and the Renewables Obligation will help establish renewables.

15.Relevant Websites
www.dti.gov.uk/industries_energy (for energy statistics, indicators, new and renewable energy)
www.cabinet -office.gov.uk/innovation/2000/energy/energyscope.shtml
www.offshorewindfarms.co.uk
www.britishwindenergy.co.uk    www.bwea.com
www.energy-efficiency.gov.uk
www.guardian.co.uk/renewables

PPT On Role of a Student

Presentation On Role of a Student
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Role of a Student Presentation Transcript:
1.Role of a Student

2.Student
A person formally engaged in learning, study,
investigation, or
examining of something thoughtfully.

3.Role:  Characteristics, Expected Behavior and Duties attached to a social status.

4.   Role of a student
Realization
Setting of appropriate Aims and Objectives
Time Management
Punctuality
Regularity
Obedience and Respect
 Efficiency

5.We need to realize
Students of today are the leaders of tomorrow…
….A Nation without Literacy is just like a Vehicle without Fuel…

6.Leaving all the work till the end would increase the burden..
And can result in physical and Mental disturbance…
Planning is required..

7. Rights of Students
Its not all about the roles and duties..
Students should be provided with an environment that enables effective learning and encourages Active Participation.

8.Student  Responsibility doesn’t just happen, we must expect it, Foster it and Nurture it…!!

PPT On Web Engineering

Presentation On Web Engineering
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Web Engineering Presentation Transcript:
1.Web Engineering

2.WebE is the process used to create high quality Web-based applications (WebApps)
WebE draws heavily on the principles and management activities found in software engineering processes
There are things that make WebE a unique endeavor

3.WebE Process Overview
Formulation of the problem
Planning
WebApp requirements analysis
Architectural, navigational, and interface design
System implementation using specialized languages and tools associated with the Web
Configuration management, quality control, and maintenance mechanisms are established early

4.WebApp Attributes
Network intensive
Content-driven
Continuous evolution
Immediacy
Security
Aesthetics

5.WebE Application Categories
Informational
Downloads
Customizable
Interaction
User input
Transaction-oriented
Service-oriented
Portal
Database access
Data warehousing

6.WebApp Enabling Technologies
Component-based development
Security (encryption, firewalls, etc.)
Internet standards
Web programming tools

7.WebE Process Model: Formulation
Goals and objectives, scope for first increment
What is the motivation for the WebApp?
Why is the WebApp needed?
Who will use the WebApp?
Informational goals
user's intention for using the content
Applicative goals
ability to perform tasks within the WebApp

8.WebE Process Model: Planning
Estimate project cost
Evaluate risks
Define finely granulated schedule for first increment
Define coarser schedule for subsequent increments

9.WebE Process Model: Analysis
Establishes requirements and identifies content items
Content analysis
content provided by WebApp is identified
Interaction analysis
use-cases developed to describe user interaction
Functional analysis
usage scenarios used to define operations and functions applied to WebApp content
Configuration analysis
WebApp environment described in detail

10.WebE Process Model: Engineering
Content design and production tasks are one thread
Architectural design, navigation design, interface are the other thread

11.WebE Process Model: Page Generation and Testing
Content and technical designs are merged to produce executable web pages
Testing exercises WebApp navigation, attempts to uncover errors in applets/scripts/forms, and checks for environment incompatibilities

12.WebE Process Model: Customer Evaluation
Each increment of the WebApp is reviewed
Changes required by customer are applied to next increment

13.WebE Best Practices
Take time to understand the business needs and product objectives, even if WebApp details are vague.
Describe how users will interact with the WebApp using a scenario-based approach.
Develop a brief project plan.
Spend time modeling what you are going to build.

14.WebE Best Practices
Review models for consistency and quality.
Use tools and technology that enable you to construct the system with as many reusable components as possible.
Don’t rely on users to debug the WebApp, design comprehensive tests and execute them before releasing the system.

PPT On Writing Engineering Reports

Writing Engineering Reports PPT
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Writing Engineering Reports Presentation Transcript:
1.Writing Engineering Reports

2.Overview
This presentation will cover:
Report purpose and planning
Report format and organization
Headings and language
Visual design
Source documentation
Finishing touches

3.Report Purpose
Describe research
Explain problem or issue studied
Discuss research method
Describe data collected
Describe research findings
Explain implications

4.Inform readers of research results precisely, concisely, and specifically
They shouldn’t have to read whole report to get essential points

5.Report Planning
Before writing, consider:
Why you are writing
What you hope to achieve
Who you are writing for

6.Report Format and Organization
Reports generally include these sections in this order:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

7.Report Format and Organization
But be aware that order is flexible in that sections can be combined
Some journals combine introduction and literature review
Others have the results and discussion combined

8.Abstract
Always comes first
Microcosm of entire paper – contains key info from each section
Contains essential information only – it is brief!
Covers research highlights
Gives the research problem and/or main objective of the research
Indicates the methodology used
Presents the main findings and conclusions

9.A nonlinear finite element procedure for the pre- and postbuckling analysis of
thin-walled box-section beam-columns is presented. The influence of local plate
buckling upon the overall ultimate buckling behavior of the member is
incorporated in the analysis by adopting a set of modified-stress – versus – strain
curves for axially loaded plates. Factors such as residual stresses, associated
with hot-rolled and cold-formed sections, and initial geometrical imperfections are
Accounted for in the analysis. A number of examples are presented to
demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
From “Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Box-Beam-Columns Including Local Buckling
Effects” in Journal of Structural Engineering.

10.Background/Introduction
Explains the research problem and its context
Explains importance of the problem (Why does it matter? Why is more information needed?)
Explains reason and goals for study
Explains the limitations of the research performed

11.Literature Review
Summarizes and evaluates the literature that you have used in your study by considering:
How that literature has contributed to your area of research
The strengths and weaknesses of previous studies How that literature informs your own research and understanding of the research problem

12.Methodology
Explains how data was gathered/generated
Explains how data was analyzed
Assumes reader understands material
Does not include explanatory material
Is in past tense and passive voice
“A 1” piece of coil was cut”
The research has been carried out
It is the research, and not your activities, that are of interest

13.Results  
Visually and textually represents research findings
Visual representation of results:
Graphs, tables, diagrams, charts
Explanatory text:
Text points out the most significant portions of research findings
Indicates key trends or relationships
Highlights expected and/or unexpected findings

14.Discussion
Assesses and comments on research results
Includes:
Explanation for Results
Comments on unexpected results, offering hypothesis for them
Comparison to literature  
Does your research confirm previous studies? Deviate from them?
Explanation for how info can be applied in broader context

15.Summary
Discusses:
What was learned through research
What remains to be learned
Weaknesses and shortcomings of study
Strengths of study
Possible applications of study (how it can be used)
Recommendations

Top Ten Benefits of an ENGINEERING CAREER

Top Ten Benefits of an ENGINEERING CAREER PPT
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Top Ten Benefits of an ENGINEERING CAREER Presentation Transcript:
1.Top Ten Benefits of an ENGINEERING CAREER

2.NUMBER TEN
Because we are in a time of rapid social and technological changes, the need for engineers to think creatively is greater now than ever before.

3.Technological and Scientific Discovery
Do you know why golf balls have dimples on them?  Do you know what a laser is or how a computer works?  Do you know why split level houses experience more damage in earthquakes?  An engineering education can help you understand how these, and many other things in the world,  WORK.

4.Professional Environment
Engineers are treated with respect and have certain freedoms in your work.  You will have influence in what happens in your company.  You will have many opportunities to learn and grow through your work. 

5.Prestige
Engineers play a primary role in sustaining our nation’s international competitiveness, maintaining our standard of living, ensuring a strong national security, and protecting public safety.

6.Financial Security
While financial security should not be your only reason for choosing a career in engineering, if you decide to become an engineer you will be well paid.  Engineering graduates receive the highest starting salary of any discipline.

7.Potential to Benefit Society
As an engineer, you can choose to work on projects that clearly benefit society, such as cleaning up the environment, developing prosthetic aids for disabled persons, developing clean and efficient transportation systems, and increasing the standard of living in underdeveloped countries.

8.Intellectual Development
An engineering education will “exercise” your brain, developing your ability to think logically and solve problems

9.Challenging Work
In the engineering work world, there is no shortage of challenging problems.  There will be no single answer, no answer in the back of the book, no professor to tell you that you are right or wrong.  You will be required to devise a solution and persuade others that your solution is the best one.

10.Variety of Career Opportunities
What do Neil Armstrong, Jimmy Carter, and Alfred Hitchcock have in common?  Though the eventually chose very different careers – an astronaut, a president, and a filmmaker.  They all started with an engineering career.

11.Job Satisfaction
Studies show that , by far, the No. 1 cause of unhappiness among people in the U.S. is job dissatisfaction.  It is important to find a career that provides you with enjoyment and satisfaction.  Engineering provides a satisfying field of work for numerous reasons, some of which were listed here.

12.Suggestions
Make sure to cite your source for your information, even if it is all from VCSU
No 10 is capitalized, but the others are not.
Slide 4 has navigation buttons that need to be removed.
Slide 8 needs to have the word “four” capitalized

PPT On Requirements Engineering Processes

Presentation On Requirements Engineering Processes
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Requirements Engineering Processes Presentation Transcript:
1.Requirements Engineering Processes

2.Objectives
To describe the principal requirements engineering activities and their relationships
To introduce techniques for requirements elicitation and analysis
To describe requirements validation and the role of requirements reviews
To discuss the role of requirements management in support of other requirements engineering processes

3.Topics covered
Feasibility studies
Requirements elicitation and analysis
Requirements validation
Requirements management

4.Requirements engineering processes
The processes used for RE vary widely depending on the application domain, the people involved and the organisation developing the requirements.
However, there are a number of generic activities common to all processes
Requirements elicitation;
Requirements analysis;
Requirements validation;

5.The requirements engineering process

6.Requirements engineering

7.Feasibility studies
A feasibility study decides whether or not the proposed system is worthwhile.
A short focused study that checks
If the system contributes to organisational objectives;
If the system can be engineered using current technology and within budget;
If the system can be integrated with other systems that are used.

8.Feasibility study implementation
Based on information assessment (what is required), information collection and report writing.
Questions for people in the organisation
What if the system wasn’t implemented?
What are current process problems?
How will the proposed system help?
What will be the integration problems?
Is new technology needed? What skills?
What facilities must be supported by the proposed system?

9.Elicitation and analysis
Sometimes called requirements elicitation or requirements discovery.
Involves technical staff working with customers to find out about the application domain, the services that the system should provide and the system’s operational constraints.
May involve end-users, managers, engineers involved in maintenance, domain experts, trade unions, etc. These are called stakeholders.

10.Problems of requirements analysis
Stakeholders don’t know what they really want.
Stakeholders express requirements in their own terms.
Different stakeholders may have conflicting requirements.
Organisational and political factors may influence the system requirements.
The requirements change during the analysis process. New stakeholders may emerge and the business environment

11.The requirements spiral

12.Process activities
Requirements discovery
Interacting with stakeholders to discover their requirements. Domain requirements are also discovered at this stage.
Requirements classification and organisation
Groups related requirements and organises them into coherent clusters.
Prioritisation and negotiation
Prioritising requirements and resolving requirements conflicts.
Requirements documentation
Requirements are documented and input into the next round of the spiral.

13.Requirements discovery
The process of gathering information about the proposed and existing systems and distilling the user and system requirements from this information.
Sources of information include documentation, system stakeholders and the specifications of similar systems.

14.ATM stakeholders
Bank customers
Representatives of other banks
Bank managers
Counter staff
Database administrators
Security managers
Marketing department
Hardware and software maintenance engineers
Banking regulators

15.Viewpoints
Viewpoints are a way of structuring the requirements to represent the perspectives of different stakeholders. Stakeholders may be classified under different viewpoints.
This multi-perspective analysis is important as there is no single correct way to analyse system requirements.

PPT On DMAIC

Presentation On DMAIC

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DMAIC Presentation Transcript:
1.Executive Summary
Define Phase
D1. Project Charter
D2. Customer Requirements
D3. High-level process map
Measure phase
Analyze Phase
Improve Phase
Control phase
Tools
Works Cited

2.Executive Summary
The IT industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. The industry is populous with IT service companies, one of the services offered is customer care support services either online or via telephone calls. The high competition leads to lowered prices that often they equally range across all the companies in a given market. For a company to remain in the market and profitably run its activities as usual, it has to offer the best services than its competitors. This case study applies the Six Sigma techniques like DMAIC .Benchmarking and just setting a project team to work on the basis on a simple six sigma may not fully solve a problem. DMAIC defines the issues affecting the company to a large span making it easier to distill more clues and real figures from the top performers in the industry thus acquiring facts and reliable data to promote the project.
If data from an unbiased source is used, say the company studied has customer care satisfaction ratings of seventy-three out of a hundred; the ‘average’ company in the industry has a rating of seventy-six out of a hundred and the best performer in the industry at eighty seven percent. This data alone shows that efforts have to be made in order for the company to survive the competition. In the IT service industry customer satisfaction is a major contributor to a company’s growth (Hallowell).
Support costs per call are not related to satisfaction, best companies’ support call cost $26, ‘average’ companies at $30 per call while the case study company’ call cost about $36 which is the highest of all (Hallowell).On focusing  the DMAIC project the ‘Y’ being new account growth and the ‘Xs’ being number of transfers, wait time and service. Wait time is associated with customer satisfaction thus improvement on the time is essential. After discovery of the points of weakness: the company managers then set project goals, scope and the study case using DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) teams.

3.D1. Project Charter:
     It expands on the business case clarifying the focus, measures of the project’s performance, and completed by a six sigma Black Belts who are the team leaders. They respond by implementing the improvement projects using skills of six sigma tools and lead increase of customer satisfaction. The key stakeholders are the customers, staff members and the business. The problem statement is one of the project charter elements; it gives the progress of the competitors as compared to the stagnated case study company. Goal statement element is that the customer satisfaction rating is at 90th percentile=75% targeting 85% in the same percentile by end of fourth quarter without changing support costs. The last element is process output such as milestones, roles, communication procedure (Hallowell)

4.Continuation of define phase
D2. Customer Requirements: using SIPOC (Suppliers, Inputs, processes, outputs and customers) identify the important customers for instance, customers, staff and business. Voice –of –customer inter views can be used to know what influences their level of satisfaction with the services offered. A summary outcome of the customer requirements is as follows;

5.Measure phase
Define how data is to be gathered. For example; satisfaction-by standard survey per month in the industry, one by one customer satisfaction data.
Performance standards; satisfaction- 90th percentile (70-80%) satisfied, performance -90th percentile (85% satisfied)
Factors for data acquisition plan; collection efforts, cause-and-effect tools in use, nature of segmentation of Y-call center and product, factors driving Ys- the important X (call type or customer type).
Measurement system; its accuracy, stability over time, repeatability of the same value, reproducibility when used by different people. Collection of data can be automated, manual and by use of any other metrics. Display data in a simple format to enable the team to look for clues in charts and graphs (Hallowell).

6.Analyze Phase
Analysis is performed to check the capability of the process as compared to the present standards. Adjustment is done if the goal is not meeting the expectations. Data is partitioned in order to find the causes of the variations. Identify the possible X and verify to narrow down to see the important causes of variation. Update the prediction on how improvement can be achieves in the process. It can be found that satisfaction and support costs are affected by wait time and interruptions during call service.

7.Continuation of Analyze phase
A1: Define Performance of the process
        Measurement  of the current process capabilities to enable proper definition of the projects’ objectives. Here the root causes and drivers of the problems are critically analyzed.

A2: Suggest the improvement Objectives
        If the analysis in A1 shows that the is variation from the expected results then proper measures should be taken to improve the outcome of the overall process.

8.Identify Value/Non-Value Added Process Steps

        By dividing the Y values based on the main factors (X's) as identified during the Measure phase – the team looks for patterns that shed light on what may be causing or driving the observed Y variations.

9.Determine Root Cause(s)
Collecting the findings that came out of A3, the team posed strongest in the form of "why" questions:
Why do transfer rates differ by call type? (higher on Problems and Changes, lower on others)
Why do Problems and Changes cost more than other call types?
Why are calls processed on Mondays and Fridays more expensive?
 Why are wait times higher on Mondays and Fridays and on Week 13 of each quarter?

10.Determine Vital Few X's, Y=f(x) Relationship
        This is achieved when the main causes are sorted from the least effective drivers . This enable graphical data to be converted to  statistical data that is easier to calculate the general outcome.

11.Improve Phase
Here are some of the solutions that can be made within the processes to improve growth of the case study company.
Staffing; More staff on weekdays and reduce their number in the weekends especially on Sundays.
Use of web service; services that can be done best online should be done on the web, it reaches many people over a limited time and give incentives to gain web traffic.
Transfers and callbacks; reduce them by improving the processes using newer technologies. Improvement can be achieved by verifying relationships between Xs and Ys by use of solution selection matrix and regression analysis

12.Control phase
Control plans should be done by use of dashboards-Ys and operational control indicators. Improved capabilities of the process should be determined using the following factors.
Business growth
Satisfaction
Reduced wait time
Transfers and service time
Less support cost per call.
     Continuous data collection should be implemented. Closing the project is done and training starts for project post mortem.Tools Used; ANOVA, Cause and Effect Diagram, Control chart, Kano Analysis, X-Bar and R Charts

13.Works Cited
Hallowell, David L. "A Six Sigma Case Study – Tutorial for IT Call Center." 26 February 2010. iSixSigma. Article. 29 November 2012. .

PPT On CODE LOCK

Presentation On CODE LOCK

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CODE LOCK Presentation Transcript:
1.INTRODUCTION
 Digital Code Lock using AT89C2051 is a basic control system with an ability that allows any user having valid user password or Master password to use the system with simple password protection
    This code can be changed by the user. This circuit is eminently suitable as a digital lock with security option.
 Digital    
 code lock 
 is a type  
  of lock
  in which any combination of 5 digits  is used to open the lock.
    This type of 
  lock use 
 numerical code for authentication where the correct code must be entered in order for the lock to deactivate.
 The lock can be used with an outdoor gate or a normal door. The functionality of this lock is implemented in software
    When the correct code is entered it will open the door. The significant of this project is to  eliminate the need for a key.

2.NEED OF CODE LOCK
This kind of lock can avoiding the problems caused by the copying of keys.
On the premise that it’s safety is high, it’s another feature without key is getting more and more favour of people
There are great varieties of digital code locks. Generally speaking, they can be classified into scores of type, such as electronic lock, fingerprint lock, card lock biological lock, etc.

3.OBJECTIVES
To free users from the worry of remembering keys
To design a keyless door entry by using electronic digital lock code
To avoid any crimes especially stealing activities

4.WIRING CIRCUIT

5.ADVANTAGES
WHEN SYSTEM IS BLOCKED AFTER UNSUCCESFUL  ATTEMPTS THEN JUST ENTER THE MASTERCODE ,THE SYSTEM WILL BE UNBLOCKED.SO THERE IS NO NEED TO ‘POWER OFF’ THE SYSTEM FOR RESETTING.
THERE IS NO NEED TO ENTER THE SECURITY CODE TO LOCK THE SYSTEM  AGAIN, JUST PRESS THE ‘#’ KEY TO LOCK AGAIN.
EVERYTIME THE SECURITY CODE CHANGES IT IS NOT SAME FOR ALL THE CASES , AND THE PERSON WHO KNOW ABOUT THE SYSTEM THOROUGHLY ONLY HE CAN CHANGE THE CODE.SO THIS THING PREVENTS THE SYSTEM FROM HACKING.

6.This digital code lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door locks, residential housing and even office buildings.
We feel that this digital code lock is very marketable because it is easy to use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption and highly reliable
Lock which contained hardware and software development. We also know and understand the microcontroller AT89C2051 and how to implement it on my project

PPT On UNFAIR MARRIAGES

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UNFAIR MARRIAGES Presentation Transcript:
1.Violation of Women Rights in the name of Honor and Tradition

2.Introduction
Women in Pakistan live in a world, which is structured by strict religious, Family and tribal customs. They are subjected to discrimination and violence on a daily basis. Women in Pakistan are facing various forms of violence, discrimination and inequality in almost every aspect of life. Violence against women in many fields is often not conceived as a violation of human rights.

3.Lack of education and economic opportunities Furthermore, poverty and religious extremism are also roadblocks in the way of Pakistani women becoming independent. Moreover, our topic of presentation is “Unfair Marriages”. A fair marriage according to Islamic shariah (Islamic laws) is when a women is not forced to marry anyone against her will. The man must agree to pay a specified amount of money which is mahr to the women with whom he is going to marry.

4.The sub-topics which will be included in our presentation are as follows:
Inter-Marriages (Endogamy)
Compensation Marriages (Wanni)
Barter Marriages (Watta-Satta)
Early Marriages
Honor Killing (Karo-Kari)
Marriage to Quran (Haq Bakshish)

5.Inter-Marriages
Inter-marriage is a form of marriage in which the couple is related i.e. by blood relations like cousins.
Women mostly who are not very dominant in our society are facing a lot of oppression when it comes to getting married.

6.Compensation Marriages
Custom that forces families to give away their daughters in marriage as compensation for murder and as settlement of disputes.

7.This concept of women as property and honor is so deeply entrenched in Pakistan that the government, for the most part, ignores the daily occurrences of women being killed and maimed by their families
There are even incidents where people have decided even before the girls are born that they will marry as compensation.

8.Barter Marriages
Definition: It involves the simultaneous marriage of brother or sister pair from one family to a brother or sister pair in another family.

9.Barter in Marriage: The Bride Exchange in Rural Pakistan
Say no to Child Marriages
Problems Attributed to these Marriages
Solutions And Programs to prevent these marriages

10.Early Marriages
Early marriage is a marriage of children and adolescence below the age of 18.

11.Early marriages may produce devastating results like bad parenting failure to instill social norms and values.
Many girls are not able to understand the true meaning of motherhood when they are not adult yet.

12.Child marriage in Pakistan is a traditional way of arranging marriage that is centuries old.
Health Concerns
Premature pregnancy- Teen age pregnancy
Young girls usually die while going through the process of delivering a baby.
Role of Poverty

13.Solutions
Firstly the central government should pass the laws prohibiting early marriages and setting an age limit of 18.
Secondly awareness to the affected areas regarding the consequences of early marriages should be spread. This could be done by Imam’s in the mosques and teachers in the school. If the men of the society are educated about such issues then the effect will be wide spread because men make most such decisions. 

14.Honor Killing
    Honor-related violence is physical violence that is inflicted on an individual by perpetrators who believe the victim has brought dishonor upon the family, clan, or community by engaging in any conduct that is perceived as immoral or unacceptable by religious or social/cultural standards.

15. Who are the Honor-Killers?
Brothers
Husbands
Fathers
Who are the Victims?
Usually Females of rural areas

PPT On THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AMONG STUDENTS

THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AMONG STUDENTS PPT
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THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AMONG STUDENTS Presentation Transcript: 
1.THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AMONG STUDENTS

2.INTRODUCTION
This section will explain the:
Background of the study
Research question
Research objectives

3.BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Social Networks is defined as ‘social space’ for people
who want to expose themselves among others and
staying connection with each others.

4.RESEARCH QUESTION
RQ1: How do social networks affect students positively?
RQ2: What types of social networks students usually use?
RQ3: Why social networks important in students life?

5.RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To identify the positive effects of social network among students.
To determine the types of social networks students most preferred.
To examine the important of social networks among students.

6.METHODOLOGY

7.THE QUESTION AND THE FINDING THAT RELATED TO RQ.1:- Q:What are the positive effect of social networking sites towards students?

8.FINDINGS
THE QUESTION AND THE FINDINGS THAT RELATED TO RQ.2:- Q: Please rank the following choice of social networks that you prefer.

9.FINDINGS

10.THE QUESTION AND THE FINDING THAT RELATED TO RQ.3:- Q: Why the social networks are important to students?

11.CONCLUSION
There exist the positive effects of social network among students instead of the negative effects such as improve their communication skills, can get many friends from other countries and improve their technology skills.
The types of social networks that students most prefer are facebook and youtube.
The important of social network among student are easy to communicate with friends and lecturer, faster way to get latest information, feeling more connected to campus, lead students to share ideas and notes for their study and also can always keep in touch with family.

12.REFERENCE
http://ro.uow.edu.au/etc08/9
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2254235/
http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/social-media-it-s-here-to-stay-so-use-it-wisely-1.29304
http://www.nst.com.my/top-news/khaled-use-facebook-in-varsities-1.50763

PPT On The Heart

Presentation On The Heart

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The Heart Presentation Transcript:
1.The Heart

2.OBJECTIVES
ANATOMY
SHAPE
POSITION
STRUCTURE
PHYSIOLOGY
FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEART
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART
CARDIAC OUTPUT

3.THE HEART
SHAPE
ROUGHLY CONE SHAPED
10CM LONG
SIZE OF THE OWNER’S FIST
WEIGHS ABOUT 225g IN WOMEN AND ABOUT 310g IN MEN

4.POSITION OF THE HEART

5.POSITION OF THE HEART
HEART LIES
IN THORACIC CAVITY IN MEDIASTINUM( i.e BETWEEN LUNGS)
OBLIQUELY, A LITTLE MORE LEFT TO LEFT THAN RIGHT
PRESENTS A BASE ABOVE AND APEX BELOW

6.ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEART
INFERIORLY- DIAPHRAGM
SUPERIORLY- GREATER BLOOD VESSELS
LATERALLY- LUNGS
ANTERIORLY- STERNUM

7.STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
The heart wall
It is composed of three layers of tissue
PERICARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
ENDOCARDIUM

8.PERICARDIUM
IT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER, IT IS MADE UP OF 2 SACS
OUTER SAC- FIBROUS TISSUE, IT IS ADHERENT TO DIAPHRAGM( prevents overdistension of heart)
INNER SAC- SEROUS MEMBRANE(SM)
OUTER LAYER OF SM- PARIETAL PERICARDIUM
INNER LAYER OF SM-VISCERAL PERICARDIUM

9.MYOCARDIUM
COMPOSED OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
EACH FIBRE(CELL) HAS NUCLEUS AND ONE OR MORE BRANCHES
END OF CELL AND THEIR BRANCHES ARE IN CLOSE CONTACT- THESE JOINTS ARE CALLED AS INTERCALATED DISCS

10.ENDOCARDIUM
CONSISTS OF CHAMBERS AND VALVES OF THE HEART
THIN, SMOOTH, GLISTENING MEMBRANE
CONSISTS OF FLATTENED EPITHELIAL CELLS AND CONTINUOUS WITH ENDOTHELIAL LINING THE BLOOD VESSELS
PERMITS SMOOTH FLOW OF BLOOD INSIDE HEART

11.FORMATION OF PERICARDIUM AROUND HEART

12.Layers of pericardium and heart wall

13.INTERIOR OF THE HEART

14.CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
DIVIDED INTO LEFT SIDE AND RIGHT SIDE BY SEPTUM

15.CHAMBERS OF THE HEART sides are labeled in reference to the patient facing you
Two atria
Right atrium
Left atrium
Two ventricles
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

PPT On The Human Resource Manager

Presentation On The Human Resource Manager
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The Human Resource Manager Presentation Transcript:
1.The Human Resource Manager

2.Human Resource Management
Why is there a need?
Aims of HR Manager
Responsibilities of HR Manager

3.Recruitment and Selection
Job Description
Job Person Specification
Advertisement
Recruitment
Training

4.Training
Quality and Efficiency
Cuts cost
Lack of skills can cause quality to fall

5.Human Resource Planning
Future Plans
CADBURY
Unpredictable nature of business

6.Remuneration
Material Rewards
Available Budget
Opportunities for workers

7.HRM or Personnel?
Human Resource Approach
Accomplishment of targets
Security and Respect to staff

PPT On Time Management Tips

Presentation On Time Management Tips
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Time Management Tips Presentation Transcript:
1.Time management

2.What is time management?
is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity
Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals complying with a due date.
Initially, time management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term broadened to include personal activities as well.

3.Tips to reduce stress and improve productivity
Make Lists
Make Use of Down Time.
Reward Yourself
Concentrate on One Thing
Avoid Procrastination at All Costs
Set Personal Deadlines
Delegate Responsibilities
Set up a Long Term Planner:
Employ a program like RescueTime
Work in a Team
Be Careful to Avoid Burnout

4.Make list
Prepare yourself first, by taking 30 minutes of your time to fix yourself something to eat and relax.
Then Make a list of the tasks you need to accomplish. A simple To Do List is often a huge help to anyone.
 But before you can manage your time, you need to know what it is you must manage. A list of tasks, from the mundane to the critical, will help you get a handle on what needs to get done.
Assign realistic priorities to each task:
Priority 1: due today by 6pm
Priority 2: due tomorrow by 6pm
Priority 3: due by the end of the week
Priority 4: due during next week

5.Make Use of Down Time.
Using walking, driving, showering, or otherwise “dead” times to plan. Think about what your goals are for that day or the next. Which goals are most important? Prioritization is the key.
Prioritization is the essential skill you need to make the very best use of your own efforts and those of your team.
Time-consuming but relatively unimportant tasks can consume a lot of your day. Prioritizing tasks will ensure that you spend your time and energy on those that are truly important to you.

6.Reward Yourself
Whenever you accomplish something, especially the important things, make sure to take the time to reward yourself. A Clockwork Orange author Anthony Burgess’ used the “Martini Method” to get things done. Burgess set a goal of 1,000 words per day. When he finished his word count, he’d relax with a martini and take the day off. Maybe a martini isn’t the ideal reward for some of us, but the method stands useful.

7.Concentrate on One Thing
The human mind works more efficiently when it is focused. As we’ve seen before multitasking is actually a disadvantage to productivity.
Work on small portions every day of work that will be due by the end of the week, starting with the most important tasks first.
Doing work right the first time may take more time upfront, but errors usually result in time spent making corrections, which takes more time overall

8.Avoid Procrastination at All Costs
When trying to be more productive and trying to save time, procrastination should be avoided like nothing else. It is the ultimate productivity-killer.
Make one of your final daily tasks the completion of tomorrow's task list. Each day should be ended with a new task sheet for tomorrow to keep you on track.

9.Set Personal Deadlines
Nobody likes deadlines. They cause stress, aggravation, worry, and, more stress. A guaranteed way to alleviate some of this stress is to set your own earlier deadlines.
Be realistic but demanding of yourself. Challenge yourself and, referring to tip 3, reward yourself for a meeting a difficult challenge.
Not only will this save you time and make you more productive in the long run, but you will also have a buffer time with little to no penalties compared to those received for missing a real deadline.
Of course, this tip has potential for abuse, so be sure to make your own penalties for missing your personal deadlines.

10.Delegate Responsibilities
It is not uncommon for people to take on more than they can handle. The overestimation of one’s abilities, though not necessarily a bad thing, can often result in stress and more work for an individual.
To avoid this unnecessary stress, do not feel bad about delegating tasks.
Focus on your most productive time of day. Some people work better in the morning, and some are more focused in the evening.

11.Set up a Long Term Planner:
In the everyday drab of life, we can often lose sight of our goals.
Setting up a long term planner will help you envision your long term goals and rationalize your current objectives.
 Whenever you find yourself thinking “Why am I putting myself through this work right now? I could be home watching Lost.” just take a look at your long term planner and you’ll be reminded of paying off your mortgage or saving up enough for your child’s college tuition.
 Revise this long term planner monthly to keep goals up-to-date.

12.Employ a program like RescueTime
RescueTime: This is a lightweight app that records and graphs how you spend your time on your computer.
Those “2-minute” breaks to check out Digg, or play a flash game on some website, or email Aunt Betty, can add up to quite a bit of wasted productivity and wasted time.
RescueTime will allow you to see exactly how you spent your time and will even send a weekly report to your email.

13.Work in a Team
This tip works hand-in-hand with tip # 7.
Although giving up responsibilities is a scary thought for some, it is an invaluable method to increase the average team productivity of all involved.
Make sure the team goals are clear and make sure everyone knows who is responsible for given tasks. Make sure all lines of communication are always open.
A clogged or blocked line will have the opposite effect on productivity. Give tasks to those who are best suited for them and things will get done faster.

14.Be Careful to Avoid Burnout
Burnout occurs when your body and mind can no longer keep up with the tasks you demand of them.
Don’t try to force yourself to do the impossible!!
Delegate time for important tasks, but always be sure to leave time for relaxation and reflection.
Review your recent accomplishments and make sure you feel good. Review and reflection is one of the best ways to gain confidence and higher confidence means more productivity.

15.Extra tips
Leave time for fun. While there are times when we just need to power through a large project, it's important to give yourself time to let loose. Not only will it refresh your mind, it's good for your body, too. It doesn't have to be a lot of time but make sure that you do!
Sleep for 6-8 hours every night. Getting the proper amount of sleep will help keep you alert and energetic, able to think clearly, and function at a high level.

PPT On TRANSISTOR AGING

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TRANSISTOR AGING Presentation Transcript:
1.TRANSISTOR AGING

2.INTRODUCTION
Transistors do age ….like         Humans!!
Time by time degradation of performance of a transistor is called Transistor Aging.
The degradation of  transistors occurs over time  and  can  result in  circuit failure!!!
Several different phenomena can degrade the transistors.

3.WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW
A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device used to  amplify and switch electronic signals.
It is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices.
ADVANTAGES:
 Smaller, less expensive, requires
 less electricity  etc.
APPLICATIONS:
 Hearing aids,Watches,Cameras, TV etc.

4.AGING MECHANISMS
OXIDE BREAKDOWN.
HOT CARRIER INJECTION.
NEGATIVE BIAS TEMPERATURE INSTABILITY(NBTI).

5.OXIDE BREAKDOWN:
Refers to the destruction of an oxide layer.
       Defects within the gate oxide are usually
       called traps.
They are called traps because the degraded  Oxide can trap charges. Traps are usually neutral. Once these traps form a conduction path from the gate to the channel, breakdown occurs.

6.NEGATIVE BIAS TEMPERATURE INSTABILITY(NBTI):
Occur due to the application of negative bias to gate at elevated temperature.
Traps charge within the dielectric.
Whenever you apply gate voltage, charge buildup in the dielectric.

7.HOT CARRIER INJECTION:
A carrier is injected from the conducting   channel in the silicon substrate to the SiO2 layer.
 Since the charge carriers becomes trapped in the SiO2 layer of a MOS transistor, the voltage needed to turn on the transistor increases .
As a result transistor switches more and more slowly.

8.OXIDE BREAKDOWN
Gate-oxide breakdown begins when traps form in the gate-oxide.
more and more traps are created in the gate-oxide.
traps start to overlap creating a conduction path-breakdown occurs-SOFT BREAKDOWN(SBD).
Once there is conduction, new traps are created by thermal damage, which in turn allows for increased conductance.

9.This cycle of conduction leading to increased heat leads to thermal runaway.
The Silicon within the breakdown spot starts to melt, and Oxygen is released
Silicon filament is formed in the breakdown spot.

10.CROSS SECTION OF GATE OXIDE AFTER HARD BREAKDOWN THROUGH EMISSION- MICROSCOPY.

11.TRAP GENERATION
There are different theories on how defects are generated in the gate-oxide.
The two main models are :
The Thermo chemical model .
The Anode Hole Injection (AHI)model.

12.AHI MODEL
The AHI model is based on the process of electron injection into the oxide and holes are generated at the anode which then gets trapped into the oxide.
At high electric fields, the electrons arriving at the gate have a high kinetic energy
 (> 8MV/cm).

13.When these hot electrons reach the gate electrode they transfer their entire energy to a deep-valence band electron, and
this electron is promoted to the lowest available electron energy state, which is the conduction band edge .
Once the electron reaches the conduction band, it creates a hot hole, which tunnels into the oxide.

14.The holes which enter the oxide, allow for increased current density.
Due to increased current density, more electrons  tunnel in to the gate and more holes  are created.
These holes creates traps within the oxide.

15.How to limit  degradation?
Prevention cannot be done, as for most of the electronic devices, they will loose their properties over time.
To limit transistor aging effect in a circuit, various  method can be used.
Lets discuss some of them.

PPT On Virtual Online Tutoring

Presentation On Virtual Online Tutoring Download

Virtual Online Tutoring Presentation Transcript: 
 1.Virtual online tutoring

2.Purpose of Online tutoring
Online tutoring gives students around the clock access direct and live assistance from qualified teachers
Access to qualified and monitored tutors in required courses and skills from any Internet connection
An Online Writing Lab for all courses including computer courses
Easy access to Academic resources

3.Create a simple website
The website gives a complete information about you with your picture, subjects you tutor, phone number and free phone consultation offer.

4.Decide the Age group you will tutor
Elementary and middle school subjects are much easier to teach, but tutoring higher classes, college students and adults as well may make it easier to meet your business goals.

5.Online tutoring software
There are different options to decide your tutoring software
Check your online classroom for active tutoring devices . Test your microphone to make sure it works properly.

6.Online tutoring software
Skype with Idroo (http://www.idroo.com/home)
Gchat
Google Docs
Wikispaces
Scribblar
WizIQ

7.Advertise your business
Advertise your business locally and online. Use free business cards to a spread your words.
freebusinesscardoffer.com  offer free business cards to initiate a business
Advertise your business through craigslist
Participate in different learning forums and advertise.

8.Set the prices for your Tutoring
Answering parents first call, be sure to offer an introductory price or free first hour tutoring.
Package offer for different subject is also a charming offer.

9.Process payments from your client
Allow virtual payments through paypal (www. paypal.com) from your clients. It is comfortable and will save time.

10.Manage your first online session
Engage your student in an exciting way to catch particular attention. Try to establish a competent first impression to acquire good and  long term clients.

11.Regular meeting with parents
After the first introductory session contact the parents to discuss about the system. Offer packages and good payment methods.

12.Advantage of Online tutoring
You can easily tutor from home and can save time and expenses
You can reach students outside of your immediate geographic area
You can conduct tutoring sessions for multiple students at one time and multiply your hourly rate

13.Disadvantages
Initial setup fees, plus investment time to set up a infrastructure
It may take some time to build up your business

14.One –On-one drop in online tutoring
24/7 live tutoring for  computer
Drop in tutoring for other subjects in different timings
          - Maths
          - Biology
          - English

15.Tutoring Options Available For Computer Science Student
The whole spectrum of online tutoring options is available for students who seek computer science help at your website.

PPT On Water And Minerals

Presentation On Water And Minerals
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Water And Minerals Presentation Transcript:
1.Water And Minerals

2.Calcium and Phosphorus
Used to build bones and teeth.
99% of total body calcium is found in bones and teeth.
Calcium and Phosphate crystals bond together to form HYDROXYAPATITE.

3.Hydroxyapatite is what gives bones strength.
Bones are being rebuilt each day, therefore the calcium in the bones is constantly changing.
Now calcium in teeth has a similar role.
However the mineral turnover is not as rapid as that in bones

4.Calcium also circulates in the blood
There is a constant level maintained so that it is always available when needed.
Helps: muscles contract, nerves transmit impulses and blood to clot
Can also help lower blood pressure

5.Phosphorus also circulates in the blood
Involved in metabolism
Part of DNA and needed to grow
Buffers both acids and bases in all the body’s cells.
Milk and milk products are excellent sources of calcium and phosphorus.

6.Magnesium
Found in all body tissues
60% of it is found in bones
The other 40% is distributed between the soft tissues such as muscles and blood.
The body works hard to keep blood levels of magnesium constant.

7.Magnesium is essential for  systems responsible for energy metabolism.
Building bones and maintaining teeth
Muscle relaxation and nerve transmission.
Keeps the immune system working.

8.These are some of the different foods that contain magnesium.
Buckwheat Flour and Bulghur, dry contain the highest amount of magnesium in this

9.Sodium
Part of the electrolytes group(sodium, potassium, &chloride)
 Sodium is a positively charged ion that is found mostly in the fluid outside the cells.
The major source of sodium in the diet is salt
Many processed foods are high in sodium
High Blood pressure also known as hypertension is the most important health issue caused by overconsumption of sodium
Do not consume more than 1500mg per day

10.Potassium
Also an electrolyte
Found in the fluid inside individual body cells
Helps maintain water balance and acid base balance
Helps muscles contract
Helps maintain a healthy heartbeat
Helps send nerve impulses.

11.Chloride
Also an electrolyte
Helps maintain water balance and acid base balance
Part of hydrochloric acid which is highly concentrated in stomach juices.
Aids in protein digestion, destroys harmful bacteria, and increases the absorption of calcium and iron.

12.Iron
One of the most abundant metals
Most important in the body
Key component of hemoglobin
Also part of  myoglobin
Works with enzymes in energy metabolism
Necessary for the body to produce energy

13.15% of the body’s iron is stored in  the bone marrow, spleen and liver for future use
Meat, Poultry, and Fish are great sources of iron

14.15% of the body’s iron is stored in  the bone marrow, spleen and liver for future use
Meat, Poultry, and Fish are great sources of iron

15.Required in extremely small amounts
Once in the body, iodine is chemically changed to iodide.
Most in the world is found in seawater.

PPT On WORLD WIDE WEB

Presentation On WORLD WIDE WEB
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WORLD WIDE WEB Presentation Transcript:
1.WORLD WIDE WEB
(WWW)

2.WORLD WIDE WEB
(WWW)

3.CONTENTS OF WWW
HYPERTEXT&HYPERLINK
HTML
WEB PAGES
WEBSITE
TYPES OF WEBSITE
WEB BROWSER

4.Hypertext&hyperlink
 HYPERTEXT CONTAINING WORDS THAT CONNECT TO OTHER DOCUMENTS

 CONTAINING WORDS ARE CALLED HYPERLINKS
PRODUCING HYPERTEXT FOR THE WEB IS ACCOMPLISHED BY CREATING DOCUMENTS WITH A LANGUAGE HTML(HYPER TEXT MARK UP LANGUAGE)

5.HYPER TEXT MARK UP LANGUAGE
HTML CODE EDITORS AND WYSIWG EDITORS BUILT YOUR HTML PAGES.
IT REQUIRES ONLY SIMPLE TEXT EDITOR TO START CODING
AN HTML FILE CONTAIN “MARK UP TAGS” THAT FILL THE WEB BROWSERTHAT HOW  TO FOLLOW THE,INSTRUCTIONS ENCLOSED WITHIN THE TAGS

6.FOLLOWING ARE THE TAGS OF HTML:-




 
7.WEB PAGES
IT IS A RESOURCE OF INFORMATION THAT IS SUITABLE FOR THE WORLD WIDE WEB
 IT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH A WEB BROWSER
 CONSISTS  OF FILES OF STATIC TEXT STORED WITHIN THE WEB SERVER’S FILE SYSTEM

8.WEBSITE
 COLLECTION OF WEBPAGES KNOWN AS WEBSITE
2.THE PAGES OF WEBSITE CAN USUALLY BE ACCESSED FROM A COMMON ROOT CALLLED THE HOME PAGEE
3.IT HAVE TWO PARTS
1.BOOKMARK
2.WEB DIRECTORY

9.BOOKMARK
1.IT CAN STORED WEB PAGE LOCATION(URLs)
2.BOOKMARKS ARE SAVED LINKS AND ALSO CALLED FAVORITES
3.WEB DIRECTORY
1.IT SPECILALIZES IN LINKING TO OTHER WEB SITES.

10.TYPES OF WEBSITE:-
1.STATIC WEBSITE :-
IN THIS WEB PAGES ARE STORED ON THE WEB SERVERIN THE SAME FORM AS THE USER WILL VIEW THEM
2.DYNAMIC WEBSITE:-
IT DOES NOT HAVE WEB PAGES STORED ON THE WEB SERVER IN THE SAME FORM AS THE USER WILL VIEW THEM.

11.FOLLOWING ARE THE WEBSITE MOST USABLE:-
1.CORPORATE WEBSITE
2.PERSONAL WEBSITE
3.E-COMMERCE WEBSITE
4.AFFILIATE WEBSITES
5.BLOG WEBSITES
6. GAMES WEBSITES

12.UNIFORM RESOURCE LOACTOR
IT SPECIFIES THE INTERNET ADDRESS OF A FILE STORED ON A HOST COMPUTER CONNECTED TO THE INTENET.
WEB BROWSER USE THE URL TO RETRIEVE THE FILE FROM THE HOST COMPUTER AND THE SPECIFIC DIRECTORY IN WHICH IT RESIDES

13.FACTS ABOUT URL
URLs ARE TRANSLATED INTO NUMERIC ADDRESSES USING THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM(DNS)
THE NUMERIC ADDRESS CALLED THE IP(INTERNET PROTOCOL) ADDRESS, IS ACTUALLY THE”REAL URL”.
E.G. OF DNS(198.123.213.100)

14.WEB BROWSER
IT IS SOFTWARE APPLICATION WHICH ENABLES A USER TO DISPLAY AND ITERACT WITH INFORMATION LOCATED ON THE WEB PAGES OR AT WEBSITE
WEB BROWSERS ALLOW A USER TO QUIKLY AND EASILY ACCESS INFORMATION PROVIDED ON MANy WEB PAGES AT MANY WEBSITES BY TRVERSING THESE LINKS.
WEB BROWSERS FORMAT HTML INFORMATION FOR DISPLAY.

15.TYPES OF WEB BROWSER
GRAPHICAL:-
E.G. OF GRAPHICAL WEB BROWSERS ARE AS FOLLOWS INTENET EXPLORER,MOZILA FIREFOX,GOOGLE CHROME
2. TEXT:-
ACCESS TOTHE WEB IN TEXT ONLY MODE SUCH AS LYNX
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