PowerPoint Presentation On Fuel System

PPT On Fuel System

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Fuel System Presentation Transcript:

1. Presentation Plan
Fuel oil System
Oil burners
Coal mills and feeder
Types of feeders
Classification of Mills
Features of different Mills
Burner arrangement

2. Fuel oil System
Purpose: (a) to establish initial boiler light up. (b) to support the furnace flame during low load operation. Fuel oil system Consists of Fuel oil Pumps Oil heaters Filters Steam tracing lines
Objective is to get filtered oil at correct pressure and temperature

3. Atomization
Atomization breaks the fuel into fine particles that readily mixes with the air for combustion. Oil should be divided up into small particles for effective atomization. The advantages of atomization are:
a) Atomizing burners can be used with heavier grades of oil.
b) Can be adopted to large applications because of large capacity range.
c) Complete combustion is assured by the ability of the small particles to penetrate turbulent combustion.

4. Classification: Oil burners
Oil burners are classified according to the method used for atomization, as follows:
a) Air-atomized burners
b) Steam-atomized burners
c) Mechanically atomized burners
Air atomizing system are not recommended for heavy oil system as they tend to chill the oil and decrease atomization quality

5. Steam Atomization
This System uses auxiliary steam to assist in the atomization of the oil. The steam used in this method should be slightly superheated and free cf moisture. As in the air atomizing system, the steam used for atomizing as well as heating the fuel as it pass through the tip and into the furnace. The main advantages of steam atomizing burners over other are:
a) Simplicity of its design
b) Initial cost of installation is low
c) low pumping pressure
d) low preheating temperature.
Disadvantage is steam used in atomizing process

6. Oil Burners
The types of oil used in the oil burners are:
a) Light Diesel Oil
b) Heavyfuel oil
c) Low sulpher heavy stock (LSHS).
Heavy oil guns are used for stabilizing flame at low load carrying. Warm up oil guns are used for cold boiler warm up during cold start up and ignitor are used for start up and oil flame stabilizing.

7. Oil Guns
The guns used in this system have two main components for atomization. They are:
a) Mixing plate
b) Spray Plate.

8. Features of Bowl Mills
Grinding chamber
Classifier mounted above it
Pulverization takes place in rotating bowl
Rolls rotating free on journal do the crushing
Heavy springs provide the pressure between the coal and the rolls
Rolls do not touch the grinding rings
Tramp iron and foreign material discharged.

9. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

PPT On FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM
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FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM Presentation Transcript:

1. FURNACE SAFEGUARD SUPERVISORY SYSTEM
F.S.S.S. facilitates remote manual/automatic control of fuel firing equipments through mechanized system and suitable interlocks/logics.
It is designed to ensure the execution of a safe, orderly operating sequence in start up and shutdown of fuel firing equipments and to prevent errors of omission in following such a safe operating procedure.

2. The system provides protection against malfunction of fuel firing equipment and associated air system.
The safety feature of system are designed for protection in most common emergency situations.

3. F .S.S.S. Equipment can be grouped under three heads
The Operating and Indicating Console This consists of all switches for initiating controls and also indications of status of all fuel firing equipment & their auxiliaries.
2. Relay and Logic Cabinets: The cabinets consists of relays, timers, programmers, circuit breakers for AC and DC control suppliers flame scanner unit, number of coal flow units etc. They control the process logic

4. Field Equipments
Field equipments are those which help in actual remote operation of fuel firing equipments and those which provide the status to the operating console and relay logic cabinet.
Ignitor/H.O Trip Valves,
H.O atomizing steam,
Scavenging atomizing nozzle valve (Hydramotor type),
Gun advance/retract mechanisms,
Oil gun assembly,
 Ignitors and its cabinets,
Flame scanner and ignitor air fans,
Pressure switches, temperature switches, flow switches and limit switches,
Mill Discharge valves, hot air gates, sealing air valves, cold air, tramp iron gate etc.

5. Functions of FSSS
To start complete furnace purge when all technological conditions are fulfilled.
To start and monitor ignitors
H.O. guns, (oil guns) starting, stopping and supervision.
Pulveriser and feeder starting, stopping and supervision
Flame scanner intelligence and checking.
Furnace flame monitoring and overall furnace flame failure protection.

6. Functions of FSSS
To start-stop igniter and scanner air fans.
To effect secondary air damper control with indication of auxiliary and fuel air damper modulation/close.
To trip out all boiler fires when boiler safety is threatened
To provide boiler trip signal to other equipments such as P .A. Fan, Turbine, Generator etc.

7. FURNACE PURGE
Purpose: : Complete Removal of unburnt fuel from entire furnace Procedure:
Ensure that all fuel to furnace is cut off and all flame is out
Provide adequate air flow through furnace (30 to 40%)
Initiate a MANDATORY purge time cycle (9 min)
Consequence:
Master Fuel Trip Relays are reset
Firing of fuel into the furnace is allowed

8. Boiler Purge Logic
All HFO nozzle valves are closed
All Pulverizers are off
No MFT condition present
All feeders are off
All scanners sensing no flame.
All auxiliary air dampers modulating Both PA fans off
All HAGs closed
Air flow more than 30% and less than 50%
HFO trip valve is closed
Wind box to furnace DP is adequate.

9. AIR DAMPER-
AIR DAMPER ARE DIVIDED AS FOLLOWS-
1-FIVE ELEVATION OF FOUR SECONDARY AIR.
2- 4 ELEVATION OF 4 AIR TO OIL/S.A.D
3-8 ELEVATION OF 4 AIR TO P.F. BURNER.
4-TWO ELEVATION OF FOUR OVERFIRE AIR.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation on Generation of Electricity from Coal

PPT On Generation of Electricity from Coal
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Generation of Electricity from Coal Presentation Transcript:

1. In this Presentation
Basic of Power Generation
Basic information on Coal/Fuel Oil
Combustion Process
Power Plant Cycle
4 Main Path come across in any thermal power plant
Boilers and Turbines
Transmission of Power and Switching

2. THERMAL POWER PLANT
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine and does some other work and produce electricity .
After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated, this is known as a Rankine cycle

3. Why Coal?
Advantages of Coal Fuel
Abundantly available in India Low cost Technology for Power Generation well developed. Easy to handle, transport, store and use
Shortcomings of Coal
Low Calorific Value Large quantity to be Handled Produces pollutants, ash Disposal of ash is Problematic Reserves depleting fast
India’s Coal Reserves are estimated to be 206 billion tonnes. Present consumption is about 450 million tonnes.
Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT) is Rs 0.75. Cost of Gas for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of Gas Rs 6/SMC) is Rs 1.20.

4. Combustion of coal
Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are sources of heat on combustion
Surface moisture removed on heating during pulverization.
Inherent moisture and volatiles are released at higher temperature, making coal porous and leading to char/ coke formation. (Thermal preparation stage)

5. Boiler/ steam generator
Steam generating device for a specific purpose.
Capable to meet variation in load demand
Capable of generating steam in a range of operating pressure and temperature
For utility purpose, it should generate steam uninterruptedly at operating pressure and temperature for running steam turbines.

6. Boiler/ steam generator
A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every day
It will be considered good, if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM water in a day
It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day

7. Type of Boilers used in Thermal Power Plant
Water Tube Boiler: Here the heat source is outside the tubes and the water to be heated is inside. Most high-pressure and large boilers are of this type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over water-filled tubes. These water-filled tubes are in turn connected to large containers called drums. 8. Steam Flows from Boiler to turbine

9. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING

PPT On ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING
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ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING Presentation Transcript:

1. ROCK MASS
Rock mass is a non-homogeneous, anisotropic and discontinuous medium ; often it is a pre-stressed mass

2. ROCK MECHANICS
Rock mechanics is defined as “ the theoretical and applied science of mechanical behavior of rock; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock to the force field of its physical environment “
 - As per ASEG (American Society of Engineering Geology )

3. Applications of Rock Mechanics
Rock mechanics is primarily applied in
Civil Engineering
Mining Engineering
Petroleum Engineering

4. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
The Civil Engineer is mainly concerned with
Competency of the rock mass to carry the loads of the structures built on it
Stability of the excavations undertaken involving a rock mass, whether surface or underground

5. STRENGTH OF ROCK
Rock should be classified and its strength to be assessed in its simple state of existence i.e unconfined condition
Rock can be either “intact “ or “ jointed”
Parameters for assessing the rock strength/stability
In-situ stress/confining conditions
Environmental factors eg. seepage pressure etc.

6. INTACT ROCK Vs ROCK MASS
INTACT ROCK No through going fractures
ROCK MASS Intact rock + Discontinuities

7. INTACT ROCK Vs ROCK MASS (Contd.)
Discontinuity
Joints
Fractures
Faults
Shear zones
Makes the rock discontinuous
Makes the rock anisotropic
Makes the rock stress dependent

8. FACTORS AFFECTING ROCK STRENGTH
Nature of discontinuities
Location of discontinuities
Orientation of discontinuities
Deformability
Strength
Permeability

9. ROCK MASS DESCRIPTION
MASSIVE ROCK Rock mass with few discontinuities Excavation dimension < discontinuity spacing BLOCKY/JOINTED ROCK Rock mass with moderate number of discontinuities Excavation dimension > discontinuity spacing
HEAVILY JOINTED ROCK Rock mass with a large number of discontinuities Excavation dimension >> discontinuity spacing

10. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

PPT On INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
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INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Presentation Transcript:

1. What is Inventory….?
Stock of items kept to meet future demand
It can be:
Raw materials
Purchased parts and supplies (Spares)
Partially Completed or Unfinished goods.
Items being transported (Stores in Transit)
Tools and equipment

2. Inventory Management….?
Definition It is concerned with planning, organizing and controlling the flow of materials from their initial purchase through internal operations to the service point through distribution.
OR Material management is a scientific technique, concerned with Planning, Organizing & Control of flow of materials, from their initial purchase to destination.

3. The Aim…
To get:
The Right quality
Right quantity of supplies
At the Right time
At the Right place
For the Right cost

4. Purpose…
- To gain economy in purchasing
- To satisfy the demand during period of replenishment
- To carry reserve stock to avoid stock out
- To stabilize fluctuations in consumption
- To provide reasonable level of client services

5. Inventory Management Functions
 Materials Planning
Purchasing
Inventory Control
Store Keeping
Stores Accounting
Transportation (Internal / External)
Scrap Disposal
Material Economics
Waste Management

6. NHPC SCENARIO
IFS ERP INVENTORY MANAGEMENT MODULE has been implemented across 41 locations of NHPC.
As on date stock exists in 56766 items approximately.
Items are being centrally codified at Corporate Office based upon the codification schema developed by TCS.

7. Inventory In NHPC
Our Inventory includes:
- Material involved in Survey & Investigations.
- Drilling Equipments & Accessories.
- Explosives/ Detonators
- Construction Material issued to Contractors
- Steel , Cement, Explosives etc.
- Spares for Maintenance Repair & Operations
- Heavy Equipment/ Vehicle Spares
- Regular & Irregular Spares for GPM
- General Electrical & Hardware items
- General Administrative Items
- Medicines, Stationary & Liveries etc.

8. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On POWER HOUSE LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS

PPT On POWER HOUSE LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS
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POWER HOUSE LAYOUT AND COMPONENTS Presentation Transcript:

1. LAYOUT OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
The layout of hydro power plant envisages positioning of the various components of the plant to insure optimum use of available space for its efficient and convenient erection, operation and maintenance.

2. LAYOUT OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
The power house can be positioned at the toe of the concrete masonry dam where the suitable rock to lay foundation is available. Each turbine is fed by a separate penstock which is embedded inside the non-overflow section of the dam. The power house is separated from the dam by expansion joints.

3. LAYOUT OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
Power house may also be located further downstream and fed through a tunnel branching into individual penstocks near the powerhouse. The location of power house is dependent on several parameters like availability of head, geographical condition, quality of rocks, etc.

4. SCHEMES OF HYDROPOWER PLANT
CONVENTIONAL
Most of the hydropower plants are conventional in design, meaning they use one way water flow to generate electricity.
PUMPED STORAGE
Water is recirculated between two reservoirs.

5. CONVENTIONAL
There are two categories of conventional plants:
Run-Of-River
These plants use little, if any, stored water to provide water flow through the turbines. Although, some plants make use of running water, weather changes - especially seasonal changes – cause plants to experience significant fluctuations in power output.

6. CONVENTIONAL
Storage These plants have enough storage capacity in dams to off-set seasonal fluctuations in water flow and provide a constant supply of electricity throughout the year. Large dams can store several years worth of water. It caters to peak load requirement.

7. PUMPED STORAGE
Pumped storage plants reuse water. Initially, water is made to flow from upper reservoir to lower reservoir through turbine, thereby producing power. During off-peak hours (period of low energy demand), water is pumped into the upper reservoir to be reused for power generation during periods of peak demand.

8. PUMPED STORAGE
The same turbine-generator that generates electricity from falling water is also used to pump the water back into the storage tank. In this case, the generator changes the direction of the electric field, forcing the turbine to rotate in the reverse direction and act as a motor, which runs the pump. An important advantage is quick delivery of power during emergencies and power surges.

9. TYPES OF POWERHOUSES
Surface power house: It is the best choice when sufficient area is available to accommodate the powerhouse within economical and convenient excavation.
The surface power house with setting of turbines below the minimum tail water level may involve substantial excavation and then backfilling with concrete to facilitate construction of high retaining walls for protections against floods. In this type, vertical shafts are driven in rock for housing part of draft tube, spiral casings and generators.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On SWITCHYARD

PPT On SWITCHYARD

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SWITCHYARD Presentation Transcript:

1. What is a Switchyard ?
 It is a switching station which has the following credits :
(i) Main link between Generating plant and Transmission system, which has a large influence on the security of the supply.
(ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node.
(iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has effect on Quality of power.

2. SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
Equipments commonly found in switchyard :
Lightening arrestor
Current transformer
Voltage transformer
Power transformers / I.C.T.
Bus bar and clamp fittings
Support structure
Isolators
Circuit Breaker
Wave traps
Earthing switch

3. Functions of various equipment :
* Transformers : - Transforms the voltage levels from higher to lower level or vice versa, keeping the power constant.
* Circuit breakers : - Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits under Loaded condition.
* Isolators : - Opens or closes the electrical circuits under No-load conditions.
* Instrument transformers : - For stepping-down the electrical parameter (Voltage or Current) to a lower and safe value for Metering and Protection logics.
* Earth switch : - Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped charge to have a safe maintenance zone.

4. Functions of various equipment :
* Lightning arrestors : - Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due to Lightning.
* Overhead earth wire : - Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning strokes.
* Bus bar : - Conductors to which a number of circuits are connected.
* Wave Traps/Line traps : - Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and Protection of Transmission lines * Reactive Power control devices : - Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc.,
* Current Limiting Reactors : - Limits the Short circuit currents in case of faulty conditions.

5. Bus Switching Schemes :
Bus Bar Schemes
* Single Sectionalised bus
* Main & Transfer bus
* Sectionalised Main bus with Transfer bus
* Sectionalised Double Main & Transfer bus
Breaker Schemes
* Ring bus
* One and Half breaker
* Double bus Double breaker

6. Factors effecting the selection of Switching Scheme :
* System Security
* Operational Flexibility
* Simplicity of Protection arrangements
* Ability to limit the Short Circuit levels
* Maintenance
* Ease of extension
* Total land area
* Cost

7. What is a Switchgear ?
 “The apparatus used for Switching, Controlling and Protecting the Electrical Circuits and equipment”.
Need of Switchgear :
* Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of Operation and Maintenance.
* Switching during Faults and Abnormal conditions and interrupting the fault currents.

8. Relay :
“A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”.
* The relays detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and faulty conditions.

9. Requirements of Protecting relaying :
Selectivity - Ability to select the faulty part and isolate that part without disturbing the rest of the system. Speed - Ability to disconnect the faulty part at the earliest possible time.
Sensitivity - Ability of the relay to operate with low value of actuating quantity.
Reliability - Ability of the system to operate under pre-determined conditions

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On TEEN MARKETING

PPT On TEEN MARKETING
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TEEN MARKETING Presentation Transcript:

1. DEFINITION
“TEEN MARKETING IS THE PROMOTION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO TEENAGE CONSUMERS THROUGH THE USE OF ENDORSEMENTS, PRODUCT PLACEMENT AND SUPPORT OF EVENTS WHICH THEY ATTEND”

2. WHY FOCUS ON TEENS ?
They have plenty of discretionary income.
They spend family money and also influence their parents on both big and small purchases.
They shape and impact new fashion and lifestyle trends.
They hold a mirror to our society.

3. TEENAGERS’ LIFESTYLE, ATTITUDE & BEHAVIOURS
They are pretty much pragmatic, individualistic and exude optimism.
Teens have an unprecedented and unlimited access to cutting-edge technologies
They are driven by a sense of empowerment
Teens are quite self-assured

4. TEENAGE CUSTOMERS : GETTING UP – CLOSE & PERSONAL
Eternal search for an identity
Streak of independence
Better cognitive power
Change in location
Enhanced buying power
Pester power
Identity and brand loyalty

5. FACTORS INFLUENCING TEENAGERS
Financial risk hitherto unheard of
Role models – not too far away
Radical change in the information realm
Leadership
Teenagers discover their own world

6. STRATEGIES FOR MARKETING EFFECTIVELY TO TEENS
Go to teens where they are
Tune into social networks
Promotions : the way forward
Espouse a cause
Be authentic
Address them like adults
Connect with the parent
Catch them young

7. STRATAGEMS USED FOR MARKETING TO TEENS
Confluence of psychology and marketing
Cashing in on pester power
Catching them young
Buzz marketing
Commercialization in the realm of education
Using the power of internet

8. POINTS TO CONSIDER
Use of graphics and animations
Spread the word
Design interactive web pages

9. DRAWBACKS AND CONCERNS
Teens are more vulnerable to attractive and deceitful advertisements and purveyors of tobacco products. According to a recent study conducted by www.abcnews.com, as many tobacco smokers die each year due to illnesses, the tobacco industry aggressively tries to find replacements from among the younger population, including children, to keep their business growing.

10. THE ROLE OF PARENTS
It is important for parents to be conscious and alert to the high-impact marketing environment to which their children are exposed; and guide and advise them suitably so as not to fall into situations, which are harmful to them.
The buyer has to beware and decide carefully as to what is right and what is not.
Parents should try to spend as much time as possible with their children.

11. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On Thermography

PPT On Thermography

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Thermography Presentation Transcript:

1. Thermal Imaging has evolved into one of the most valuable diagnostic tools used for predictive maintenance (PM).
Thermal imaging, also called thermography, is the production of non-contact infrared, or "heat" pictures from which
temperature measurements can be made. By detecting anommalies often invisible to the neaked ey, thermography
 allows corrective action before costly system failures occure. Portable infrared (IR) imaging systems scan equipment and structures, then instantly convert the thermal images to visible pictures for quantitative temperatrue analysis.

2. For more please refer our PPT. Thank You.