EVALUATION IN PLANT UNDER SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS PRESENTATION

PPT ON EVALUATION IN PLANT UNDER SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS

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1. EVALUATION IN PLANT UNDER SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS

2. What is stress ?
Stress can be defind as any change in environmental condition that reduce the plant growth.

3. Types of stress
Biotic stress- The stress in plant is caused by any living ;disease causing organism, is called abiotic stress. Abiotic stress- The stress in plant is caused by non living factors, is called abiotic stress.

4. Salinity stress
Salinity is defind as the occurrence various concentration of salts in soil or water that may interfere the normal growth of the plant. Presence of salts in lower concentration results in relatively lower growth rate, however presence in higher amounts may result in complete death of the plant. The problem of salinity is present in the high temperature area ( arid and semi arid region).

5. Benefits of abiotic factors
Stress as a positive point in plant’s life , it is a situation where abiotic stress plays a constructive role in ecosystem. Stress resistance mechanism can be grouped into two general categories- Avoidance mechanism Tolerance mechanism

6. OBJECTIVE
In the desert area of Rajasthan, the two major environmental factors that currently reduce the plant growth that are drought and salinity. So our aim was to study the influence of salinity on germination and growth of Subabul seeds (Leucaena leucocephala ) and onion bulb (Aillum cepa) at the different concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl).

7. Plant material
Seeds of subabul (Leucaena leucocephala ) Root tips of onion bulb (Aillum cepa)

8. Morphological parameters
In the morphological parameters, we analyzed the morphological growth of subabul seeds under different salt concentration. SEED GERMINATION ROOT SHOOT LENGTH

9. Biochemical parameters
In the biochemical parameters, analyzed the protein estimation using Bradford’s dye binding method. The Bradford method is a colorimetric protein binding assay, it is based on absorbance in the dye commassie brillent blue G- 250 (CBBG- 250). In this method, the commassie dye is previously in red color but when it binds to protein it changes its color to blue.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Recombinant DNA

PPT On Recombinant DNA
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1. Recombinant DNA

2. What is recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA is an artificial strand of DNA created by combining DNA segments from two or more sources. It is the basis for all sorts of genetic engineering.

3. Uses of recombinant DNA
Genetically modified crops (Roundup Ready)‏ Genetically modified animals for research (Oncomouse)‏ Genetically modified micro-organisms to produce pharmaceuticals (insulin)‏ Gene therapy (Cystic Fibrosis)‏ To isolate and study a particular gene (subcloning)‏ Creating transgenic organisms or chimeras.

4. In vitro recombination A restriction enzyme “cuts” both DNA strands. The cut creates single-stranded sections known as the “sticky ends.” If cut with the same enzyme, they are complimentary. Complimentary sticky ends pair with each other. DNA ligase “seals” the two strands together, forming one strand of DNA. Once created, the recombinant DNA must be replicated either in vitro through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or inside various cells.

5. Marker genes
A marker gene, which produces a distinctive phenotype is added to the genome. It is necessary to identify recombinant organisms from unaffected organisms. For example, the gene for ampicillin resistance (an antibiotic) is often added to the bacterial genome. When the culture is treated with ampicillin, only the recombinant bacteria remain. Other marker genes, usually for eukaryotes, include fluorescence (a gene from jellyfish).

6. Transformation methods
Microinjection: a needle directly injects the DNA into nuclei of embryonic cells. Particle bombardment: tiny gold or tungesten particles are coated w/ DNA and shot into cells. Administered with a gene gun. Electroporation: cells are shocked, creating holes in membrane for DNA to enter. Transformation is the process of a cell altering its genome by uptake of foreign DNA. Recombinant DNA must be inserted into host organism to be of use.

7. Cloning Vectors
The recombinant DNA sequence can also be introduced into the host by a vector. For bacteria: Plasmids—round extra-chromosomal self-replicating DNA Bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria The most efficient vectors for uptake of DNA into eukaryotes are viruses: Retroviruses—single RNA strand infects by reverse transcription, where RNA is transcribed into DNA. Adenoviruses—able to infect most cells with no toxic effects. Parvoviruses—suppresses cancer genes; used for gene therapy against tumors. Herpesviruses—able to infect many types of cells, including neurons. Poxviruses—triggers strong immune response. Used against tumors for cancer gene therapy.

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