PowerPoint Presentation On Zigbee

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Zigbee Presentation Transcript:

1. WHAT IS ZIGBEE?
Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Created by the ZigBee Alliance

2. SENSOR/CONTROL NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
Large networks (large number of devices and large coverage area) that can form autonomously and that will operate very reliably for years without any operator intervention Very long battery life (years off of a AA cell), very low infrastructure cost (low device & setup costs) and very low complexity and small size Device data rate and QoS needs are low Standardized protocols are necessary to allow multiple vendors to interoperate

3. WHY ZIGBEE?
Reliable Mesh networking Low data-rate applications Very long battery life Secure Scalable Low cost Global applicability

4. HOW DOES ZIGBEE WORK?
Engineers feel Wi-Fi and Bluetooth may be unsuitable. This spawned the idea of digital radio networks via direct-sequence spread spectrum coding. ZigBee-compliant radios may operate on one of three different radio bands: the 800 MHz, 900 MHz, or 2.4 GHz frequencies. Follows the internationally recognized radio standard for the MAC and PHY Layer.

5. PC And Peripherals Desktop
PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home Theatre TV) Computer peripherals; HID devices Video conference equipment Remote control Video gaming equipment Multi-player PC & video games Remote controls for audio and video equipment

6. Human Input Devices (HID)
Keyboard Mouse / Pointing Device Remote Controls (controls for audio & video equipment) Gaming device Double Joystick

7. PATIENT MONITORING
May allow more patient freedom Monitors vital statistics and sends via internet Patient can remain in their own home Lowers cost and improves comfort Can be used in hospice care Patients are allowed greater movement Reduced staff to patient ratio Light way to bathroom when they get out of bed Reduces patient confusion

8. LIGHTING CONTROL
Wireless Lighting Control Dimmable ballasts Light switches anywhere Customizable lighting schemes Energy Saving on bright days

9. ZIGBEE VS BLUETOOTH ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH
ZigBee Smaller packets over large network Mostly Static networks with many, infrequently used devices Home automation, toys, remote controls, etc.
Bluetooth Larger packets over small network Ad-hoc networks File transfer Screen graphics, pictures, hands-free audio, Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, etc.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Testing And Calibration

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Testing And Calibration Presentation Transcript:

1. INTRODUCTION
In today’s world scenario the important working phrase is “Quality always wins and is more stressed than quantity”. Every institution or industry works for quality. The other important working aspect is precision. Every manufacturer as well as consumer wants every thing to be precise related to instruments or products either being manufactured or used for manufacturing. For this purpose, government has established different quality assurance and testing departments.

2. ELECTRONICS TEST & DEVELOPMENT CENTER
It is functioning under the Standardization Testing & Quality Certification (STQC) Directorate, Department of Information Technology, Ministry Of Information Technology To help the industries to upgrade the quality and reliability of electronic/electrical products to national & international standards through various programs. The STQC directorate has set up a chain of laboratories & centers. STQC management & technical personnel have been trained and over a hundred foreign experts have contributed to the structural development of overall STQC program.

3. OBJECTIVES
Improving quality & reliability of products. Increasing productivity. Export promotion ETDC LABORATORIES IN INDIA ETDC Directorate is located in New Delhi. 17 ETDCs (Electronics Test & Development Centre) 4 ERTL(Electronic Regional Test Labs)

4. SALIENT DATA
STQC Number Of Employees 1700 Total Revenue 12.86 Cr. (2008-09) ETDC(JAIPUR) Number Of Employees 68 Total Revenue 1cr.(2008-09)

5. ETDC SERVICES
Calibration Testing Training Quality counseling Quality management training Entrepreneur development programs Technical information center

6. CALIBRATION
The set of operations which establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by a measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values of a quantity realized by a reference standard.

7. Over a period the measurements taken by any instrument tends to vary. The products being manufactured by the organization should be of consistent quality. Therefore, before the product is being used in industries it should be calibrated and tested properly.

8. IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY USED IN CALIBRATION
Measurement: The set of operations having the object of determining the values of a quantity. Accuracy of measurement: The closeness of agreement between the result of a measurement and the (conventional) true value.

9. Precision:
A measure of closeness of agreement between Independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions. Repeatability: Repeatability of results measurement is the closeness of agreement between the results of successive measurement of the same measurand  carried out under same conditions of measurement. Sensitivity: Change in the response of a measuring instrument divided by the corresponding change in the stimulus.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Electrocardiograph

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Electrocardiograph Presentation Transcript:

1. HISTORY
As long ago as 1855, researchers Kollicker and Mueller discovered that when a motor nerve from a frog’s leg was laid over its beating heart, the leg would kick with a regular beat. Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat in 1872 at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. This activity was directly recorded and visualized using a Lippmann capillary electrometer.

2. NEED OF ECG??
Initially there was no device to monitor functioning of heart. Every heart problem was only detected by monitoring heart rate. So doctors found a need of detecting the electrical activity of heart thus setting a standard electrical wave for proper functioning of heart. So a device has to be made to plot this wave.

3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
The electrocardiogram (EKG) is a representation of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle. Each event has a distinctive waveform, the study of which can lead to greater insight into a patient’s cardiac operations.

4. Timing of intervals and waves P wave - 80 ms. PR interval - 120 -200 ms. QRS complex - 80 - 120 ms. T wave - 160 ms. QT interval - 300 - 430 ms. U wave – low amp. , not always seen.

5. ECG – machine
An ECG machine is called an electrocardiograph. It is a diagnostic tool used in assessing the cardiovascular system. It is basically an amplifier that amplifies the heart’s electrical impulses from skin.

 6. Major Components
Special graph paper Electrodes Electrolyte paste An amplifier Storage and transmission device The ECG machine Connecting wires

7. GRAPH PAPER
The output of an ECG recorder is a series of several graphs, representing each of the leads with time represented on the x-axis and voltage represented on the y-axis. A dedicated ECG machine would usually print onto graph paper which has a red background pattern of 1mm squares, with bold divisions every 5mm in both vertical and horizontal directions. It is standard to represent each mV on the y axis as 1cm and each second as 25mm on the x-axis (that is a paper speed of 25mm/s). At a paper speed of 25 mm/s, one small block of ECG paper translates into 40 ms. Five small blocks make up one large block, which translates into 200 ms. Hence, there are five large blocks per second. A standard signal of 1 mV must move the stylus vertically 1 cm, that is two large squares on ECG paper.

8. ELECTRODES
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. ECG machine unipolar bipolar Forms - plate, suction, fluid column, flexible Made of stainless steel, German silver, or nickel, silver and silver chloride.

9. AMPLIFIERS
ECG amplifiers are needed to convert the weak electrical signal from the body into a more readable signal for the output device. A differential amplifier is useful when measuring relatively low level signals. The sections of the amplifier which receive direct signals from the patient are separated from the main power circuitry of the rest of the EKG machine.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Electronics For Animals

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Electronics For Animals Presentation Transcript:

1. Overview
Animal identification terms and technology. Companies providing products and services. Introduction to terms and technology tools. Identification devices / methods and the hardware.

2. Introduction
Until recently, neurobiologists have used computers for simulation, data collection, and data analysis, but not to interact directly with nerve tissue in live, behaving animals. So three identification are used- National Food Animal Identification Plan. National Animal Identification System (NAIS) accessed via the internet at www.usaip.info. Individual identification.

3. TECHNOLOGIES
MEMS CMOS Electronics Embedded computer systems Bio Compatible Materials Electronic packaging

 4. NEUROBIOLOGY
Neurons and neuronal networks decide, modulate, and control an animal’s every sensation. The intimate details of this network, is called neurobiology.

5. Technology Providers
Glossary of Terms National Animal Identification System- New words in animal agriculture. Provide a basic list. Not intended to be a comprehensive. Technology provider’s informational literature products and services.

6. Terms Related to Data and Databases
Data Data element Database Relational database Enterprise database Distributed database system Relational database management system (RDBMS)

7. Types of Computer Technology
 EID. Antenna. Reader. Retinal Scan. DNA Sample.

8. Identification Devices / Methods
Electronic devices implantable microchips rumen boluses commonly used external button tags. Radio frequency identification. Two biological technologies include DNA “finger printing” Retinal scanning

9. GLYME
These glyme coatings can reduce the protein fouling of probes and neurochips to levels acceptable for week-long experiments.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Display Technology

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Display Technology Presentation Transcript:

1. TECHNOLOGIES
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL (PDP)
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (OLED)

2. LCD
Most mature flat panel technology Major share of FPD market Poor intrinsic viewing angle Requires backlight Inefficient Slow Effected by Temperature and sunlight

3. Address electrode causes gas to change to plasma state. The plasma emits UV in discharge region which impinges on the phosphor Reaction causes each subpixel to produce red, green, and blue light.

4. OLED
Most promising technology Already in small sizes No inherent size limit Conformal displays Large viewing angle High resolution High Speed Good colour gamut Lifetime issues to be solved Great threat to LCD 2008?

5. TECHNOLOGY ATTRIBUTES
Attribute LCD PDP OLED Size < 15” >30” No limit Brightness nits < 100 <500>10000 Resolution Medium High High Inherent VA Small Large Large Efficiency lm/w 6 1 50 Colour gamut Good Good Good Manuf. cost Medium Medium Low 

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PowerPoint Presentation On Vikram Cement

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Vikram Cement Presentation Transcript:

1. Company Profile:
Vikram Cement Limited has an annual capacity of 18.2 million tones. It manufactures and markets Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement and Portland Pozzalana Cement. It also manufactures ready mix concrete (RMC). Vikram Cement Limited has five integrated plants, six grinding units and three terminals — two in India and one in Sri Lanka. Vikram Cement is the country’s largest exporter of cement clinker. The export markets span countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East.

2. FEATURES
One of India’s mega national & multinational group. Produces aluminum, copper, cement, viscose, staple fiber, carbon black, fertilizer, chemicals, iron,etc. World leader in production of viscose and staple fiber. 40 companies, 18 countries. The group has 72,000 employees -7000,000 shareholders.

3. VIKRAM CEMENT
Established in 1985 at KHOR, district NEEMUCH, M.P. 3 units and 2 mines. Largest single location plant in the country.

4. RAW MATERIALS
Limestone Gypsum Laterite Clay

5. Rotary Kiln Process
Rotary kiln process is adoptable in large cement plant. The steps involved in the process are: 1. Mixing 2. Burning 3. Grinding 4. Packing.

6. 1. Mixing Dry Process:
The calcareous and argillaceous materials are crushed and powdered separately. The powdered materials are mixed in proper portions to get dry “raw mix”. It is kept ready and stored, in storage bins (silos) and then fed into rotary kiln for burning. Wet Process: The calcareous materials are crushed, powdered and stored in silos. The argillaceous material is mixed with water in wash mills. The powdered lime stone and wet clay are led to grinding mills in proper proportion. Here they are mixed to form a paste called slurry’ containing nearly 4O% water. Its composition is adjusted and sent for burning process.

7. 2. Burning Process
(a) Drying Zone: it is upper part of rotary kiln, where temperature is around 100—400°C Water in the slurry gets evaporated here. (b) Calcining Zone: It is at the central part of kiln. The lime stone of “dry mix” or “slurry” undergoes decomposition at a temperature of 1000°C. (c) Burning Zone: It is the hottest zone. Temperature is about 1600°C. Here the mixture melts and forms clinkers (Small, round. grayish masses).

8. From the rotary kiln we get clinkers. These clinkers after cooling are carried to ball mills. It is mixed with 2—3% gypsum and grinded in ball mills. Gypsum increases the initial setting period of cement. 4. Packing The ground fine power of cement is stored in silos and is then packed into 50 kg bags.

9. EXCAVATION MINES
(khor mines & super mines) Drilling Blasting (explosive-ANC) Shovels, dozers, dumpers-transportation

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PowerPoint Presentation On Landmines Detection

PPT On Landmine Detection

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Landmines Detection Presentation Transcript:

1. 15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over past decade 70% of victims are civilians One-third die Others lose limbs and/or vision

2. Solving the Problem:
Good News and Bad News Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each year Bad news: Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500 years and $14-50 billion Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid annually Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines are laid than cleared each year Potential good news: Innovative mine detection technologies could significantly accelerate demining and decrease costs

3. ANTI-PERSONNEL – DESIGNED TO KILL OR MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS

4. Electromagnetic methods
Acoustic/seismic methods Chemical vapor detection methods Bulk explosives detection methods

 5. X-RAY BACKSCATTER
When X-rays pass through matter they will be attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The probability of scattering in the back direction. This probability depends inversely on the absorption power of the material to the incident and to the backscattered x rays. Organic materials typically absorb only a small fraction of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing, and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic materials are bright and metallic objects are dark in the image

6. capabilities and advantages :
1 . The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularly placed mines. 2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines. 3 . landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions including various types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.

7. Acoustic-to-seismic
wave-coupling approach to detect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves penetrate the soil surface to generate seismic waves within the soil. These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrate and resonate, producing a displacement velocity field at the ground surface above the mine. This displacement can be measured by a laser vibrometer or UHF radar

8. Biological detector
If honeybees can be trained to seek the chemical components of explosives, the ability to track bees and analyze their hives could help pinpoint landmines or unexploded ammunition on firing ranges or old battlefields

9. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection technology which can be used to detect certain chemical elements which have a magnetic dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14 (14N) which is a major constituent of explosives used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQR has been described as "an electromagnetic resonance screening technique with the specificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it not only detects but can be used to identify the exact chemical compound used.

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PowerPoint Presentation On MPEG 4

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MPEG 4 Presentation Transcript:

1. OVERVIEW OF MPEG
MPEG-4 is an ISO/IEC standard developed by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group). These standards made interactive video on CD-ROM, DVD and Digital Television possible. MPEG-4 was finalized in October 1998 and became an International Standard in the first months of 1999.

2. Several extensions were added since and work on some specific work-items work is still in progress. MPEG-4 builds on the proven success of three fields: Digital television. Interactive graphics applications (synthetic content). Interactive multimedia.

3. Compression & MPEG4
Compression (or encoding): key to enabling both wireless/wired transmission and storage of digital video content. MPEG4: Offers extremely high image quality Compression in the rates of 70:1 to 200:1.

4. Identify useful part of the signal(entropy). Video compression basics— (a)Human sensitivity to noise. (b)Commanality between one picture and next. In a typical picture ,large objects results in low spatial frequency and vice versa.

5. TWO DIMENSINAL SPATIAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Using Discrete Cosine Transform. DCT Converted Video in to Array of coefficients.

6. Coefficients represent amount of spatial frequency. Coefficients in the top left corner represents dc component. Moving down and right results in spatial frequency. Further compression.

7. VIDEO ENCODING
DCT and Weight coefficients. Zig Zag Scan ,Run Length Code & Buffer. Decoding.

8. The MPEG-4 standard provides a set of technologies to satisfy the needs of authors, service providers and end users alike. For authors, MPEG-4 enables the production of content that has far greater flexibility. For network service providers MPEG-4 offers transparent information.

9. The foregoing, however, excludes Quality of Service considerations, for which MPEG-4 provides a generic QoS descriptor for different MPEG-4 media. It also brings multimedia to new networks, including those employing relatively low bitrate, and mobile ones.

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