PowerPoint Presentation On Analog to Digital Converters

PPT On Analog to Digital Converters

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1. Digital-to-Analog, Analog-to-Digital

2. Data Handling Systems
Both data about the physical world and control signals sent to interact with the physical world are typically "analog" or continuously varying quantities.
In order to use the power of digital electronics, one must convert from analog to digital form on the experimental measurement end and convert from digital to analog form on the control or output end of a laboratory system.

3. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
When data is in binary form, the 0's and 1's may be of several forms such as the TTL form where the logic zero may be a value up to 0.8 volts and the 1 may be a voltage from 2 to 5 volts.
The data can be converted to clean digital form using gates which are designed to be on or off depending on the value of the incoming signal.

4. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Data in clean binary digital form can be converted to an analog form by using a summing amplifier.
For example, a simple 4-bit D/A converter can be made with a four-input summing amplifier.

5. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
2 Basic Approaches

Weighted Summing Amplifier
R-2R Network Approach

6. Weighted Sum DAC
One way to achieve D/A conversion is to use a summing amplifier.
This approach is not satisfactory for a large number of bits because it requires too much precision in the summing resistors.
This problem is overcome in the R-2R network DAC.

7. R-2R Ladder DAC
The summing amplifier with the R-2R ladder of resistances shown produces the output where the D's take the value 0 or 1.
The digital inputs could be TTL voltages which close the switches on a logical 1 and leave it grounded for a logical 0.
This is illustrated for 4 bits, but can be extended to any number with just the resistance values R and 2R.

8. Analog to Digital Conversion [ADC]

9. ADC Basic Principle
The basic principle of operation is to use the comparator principle to determine whether or not to turn on a particular bit of the binary number output.
It is typical for an ADC to use a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to determine one of the inputs to the comparator.

10. ADC Various Approaches
3 Basic Types
Digital-Ramp ADC
Successive Approximation ADC
Flash ADC

11. Digital-Ramp ADC
Conversion from analog to digital form inherently involves comparator action where the value of the analog voltage at some point in time is compared with some standard.
A common way to do that is to apply the analog voltage to one terminal of a comparator and trigger a binary counter which drives a DAC.

12. For more Info please refer our PPT.
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