PPT ON POLICY

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Policy Presentation Transcript 

1.INTRODUCTION
Policies and procedures are means for accomplishing goals and objectives. The term policy has been derived from Greek word “Politis” meaning polished, that is to stay clear. Policies should be written and understandable.

2.DEFINITION

• Policies are general statement or understanding which guide or channel thinking in decision making.                                                                                                                                     - Koontz.
• A policy is the statement or general understanding which provides guidance in decision making to members of an organization in respect to any course of action                                                                                                                                                                                  Prasad.L.M.

3. FEATURES OF POLICY

• A Policy provides guidelines to the members of the organization for deciding a course of action and thus restricts their freedom of action.
• Policy limits an area with in a decision is to be made and assure that the decision will be consisted with and contributive to objective.
• Policies are generally expressed in qualitive conditional or general way.
• Policy formation is a function of all managers in the organization because same from the guidelines for future of course action is required at every level.

4.SOURCES OF POLICY

    1. Formulated policy
    2. Implied policy
    3. Imposed policy
    4.Applied policy

1. Formulated policy
It is specified by organization for provide guidelines to its members. This policy flows from higher level to lower level in the organization.

2.  Implied policy
Some times policies may not be clearly stated and the actions of managers particularly at the higher levels provide guidelines for action of lower levels. These actions might institute the policy.

3. Imposed policy
Imposed policy arises from the influence of some outside agencies. Such agencies may be government which provides polices for all public-sector organizations parent organizations overseas in the case of multinational companies operating in a country,  apex company of a business house, or trade association with which a particular organization.

4. Applied Policy
An appealed policy arises from the appeal made by a subordinate manager to his superior for deciding an important case.

5.CRITERIA FOR SOUND POLICY

• Specify more precisely how the decision will come what is to be done, who is to do it, how it is to be done and what is to be finished.
• Established a follow-up mechanism to make sure the decision intended will take place and
• Lead to new strengths which can be used for decisions in future.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND POLICY

• Relationship to organizational Objectives
•  Planned formulation
•  Fair amount of clarity
•  Consistency
•  Balanced
•  Written
• Communication

7.PRINCIPLES

• Policy based on the following principles
• The part practice of an organization and future objectives needs.
• The prevailing practices among sister concern in the neighborhood and through the country in the same industry and international.
• The attitude, ideals and philosophy of the board of directors, top, middle and lower management.
• The knowledge and experience gained from handling day to day personal problems.
• Employee’s suggestion and complaints.
• Collective bargaining programmes.
• State and national legislation.
• Changes in the country’s economy.
• The culture of the plant and its technology.
• Extent of unionism.
• The attitudes and social values of labour.
• The ethical point of view or the social responsibility of an organization towards the public.
• The goal of the organization.
• The development in technology and science.

8. COVERAGE OF PERSONNEL POLICIES

• Policy on Recruitment
• Policy Of Manpower Planning And Development
• policy on term and conditions of employment
• policy on communication with employees

9. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT

10. THANK YOU

PPT ON IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Importance Of Technology Presentation Transcript

1. INTRODUCTION
Through the twentieth Century technology has increasingly shaped the structure of  our daily lives. Technology  touches every aspect of our work, healthcare systems and educational programs. The decision which are made about technology will have long range
Consequences on quality of services rapidity of change and nature of human lives.

2. DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY
  Technology consists of any type of equipment that organization members use in the performance of their work (Samuel c.certo)

3. MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY
          Knowledge, equipment and methods are used in science and industry (Cambridge learner’s  Dictionary)

4.  HISTORY

•   The move into an information society from an industrial society had its beginnings in 1956.The information society is characterized by professional people and communication experts whose responsibilities are to create process distribute and utilize information within the context of their positions.
•  The first successful electronic computer was developed in 1943 and used by crypto analysis experts during World War II.
  The new generation is developing a computer literacy, which will far exceed and educational programs will become less structured in classroom settings as students have greater mobility and freedom to progress at their own pace in working through studies and programs in computers. Technology has been used to reduce pain through electronic devices and lasers.
• Computers are being used to assist in decision-making as it relates to prognosis therapeutic regimens, and nursing care plans.

5.BENEFITS AND COSTS OF TECHNOLOGY

 BENEFITS
  Technology has benefits & Costs. Benefits usually defined as some measure of the ultimate worth or value of a desired outcome. It can be defined as the effect expected or achieved as a result of utilizing technology.Benefits is divided into ‘Tangible’ benefits and intangible benefits.

I) TANGIBLE BENEFITS
    Meaning:

• Tangible benefits are frequently specified in money equivalents. Tangible benefits from technology in health care delivery can be viewed in a number of ways.
• An obvious tangible benefit of technology is the reduction in cost from fewer hospital days than would have been possible without technology. The number of days someone with a chronic illness or disability is kept from working can be decreased by technology and counted in dollar equivalents.
• Evidence of overuse and abuse of health care technology is abundant, The United States spent over 5320 billion on health care in 1982, an increase of about 12 percent over 1982, and triple the 3.9 percent increase in overall consumes price index.
• While the increasing use of technology in medical care has come under sharp attack for its contribution to health care costs, the same has not been true in education. The costs of increased technology in education must be carefully monitored and reviewed against.
• This might one done through using completed assisted instruction or monitoring more students in the clinical area. Instructors might be able to guide a greater number of students by assessing student behavior as student record their activities in the patient’s computerized file.
• Finally, many administrators who have purchased micro computers for research purpose are hoping tangible benefits of such as investment will increase finding for further research and for faculty salaries , which are required for such activities.

ii) INTANGIBLE BENEFITS
     Meaning:

• An intangible benefit refers to aspects of quality or effectiveness.
• The intangible benefits of technology may have greater appeal for most health professionals.
• Information which is entered correctly into patient’s records through the computer.
• Nurses will benefit from the computer, which will suggest nursing care plans according to monitored signs and symptoms.
• Finally it is possible the health professionals staffs, students, and faculty job satisfaction will increase

BENEFITERS:

• Patient
• Physicians
• Nurses
• Other Medical Workers
• Administrative Officer (or) Manager
• Official Workers    

   COSTS:
           There are basically two types of computer with a wide range costs and capabilities.Theses are
(I)Mainframe Computer:
A Mainframe computer is the largest machine costing at least several hundred thousand dollars
The mainframe computer is often used in university settings for managing administrative information systems, research and academic evaluation.

 (ii)Mini Computer

•   A mini computer is a small computer costing some $ 20,000 to 2, 00,000.It may also allow time sharing; but it is less demanding device and usually does not need a special area. Although it has power and capacity than the larger machines, the power at its disposal. Sufficient for a wide range of commercial, educational and scientific application.
•  Software Packages which are easily stored, non breakable, and easily adjusted to one’s situation greatly enhance the potential for utilization.
•  There are additional cost considerations after the initial purchase such as the need for space. Also counting costs for maintaining contracts. Supplies, personnel, and upgrading need to be considered

   6. TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ADAPTATION

• Technology and out growth of culture, has allowed us to modify and change our surrounding environment and to control many of the stressors that are a natural part of that environment. Unfortunately, modern technology has also created new stressors we must adopt. 
• Health care technology has evolved at a tremendous role over the past decades. As a result, we are making strides in understanding and gaining control over disease. Pain and death.

7. IMPLICATIONS ON COSTS AND BENEFITS

• The major consequence of technology in health care delivery and in the preparation of health professionals cannot be measured meaningfully in only monetary terms.               
• Some hospitals will not need a computerized system for recording patient data because the patient severity of illness does not require extensive records. Some colleges and schools of nursing will not be able to afford microcomputers for research output could not be sufficiently increased by having micro computers.

8. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT.

9. THANK YOU

PPT ON STUDENT GOVERMENT

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Student Government Presentation Transcript

1. INTRODUCTION
    Government by the students usually requires the setting up of a student association of the school, to function of the officially recognized organization of the student.   The council which would he the executive organ of the student association should he composed of two or more elected representatives from each class.  It should have a president, vice president and secretary and should maintain accurate records of all it meetings.

2. THE OBJECTIVES OF SUCH A STUDENT ASSOCIATION MAY INCLUDE

• The promotion of students welfare
• The development of cooperation and unity
• The establishment and maintenance of good interpersonal relationship with staff
• The development of ability is organizational techniques and committee procedures.
• The promotion of the reputation of the school.
• The establishment of lines of communication and association with other student groups in the community and in the country as a whole.
• The advancement of professional thinking and action.

3. THESE OBJECTIVES CAN BE MET BY THE STUDENT COUNCIL THROUGH THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS.

• Initiating and supporting the student’s social, cultural and professional activities.
• Assisting with the orientation of new students.
• Reviewing when requested the school and hospital procedures and policies and making recommendation in this respect. 
• The interpretation and enforcement where appropriate, of school policies. 
• Taking disciplinary action when necessary is accordance with measures agreed upon by the members.
• Cont..
• Receiving investigation and in some instance, disposing of complaints relating to the hostel.
• Establishing official channel of communication with the school staff in relation to student council manners and
• The appointment of representatives to serve on school committees.
• The staff of the school of nursing is not normally members of the student council through they may be invited to serve as on office members on some of the committees.
• When a school set up a student association for the first time it is desirable that the staff should offer to assists with its organizations, the formulation of its objectives and the determination of its function.
• It may be desirable in the early stages for the council to limit its functions to those which it will be able to carryout with a reasonable degree of success, and gradually to increase in responsibilities as the members demonstrate their ability to carry them.

4. STUDENT NURSES ASSOCIATION

INTRODUCTION
    The student nurses association is an associate organization of the trained nurses association of India.  This is only nationally accepted organization of student nurses.  In additions to providing a means of personal and professional development for the nursing students, it serves as a source of membership for the parent organization.

HISTORY OF SNA IN INDIA

• It was established in 1929 at the time of the Annual Conference of the Trained nurses Associations of India. The nursing superintendent of the government general hospital, Madras, Miss L.N. Jeazns was the first honorary organization secretary of this association.
• The pioneer unit of SNA was established at the general Hospital Madras, followed by Christian Rainy Hospital, Madras and the presidency general hospital, Calcutta.
• In the year 1954, the SNA celebrated its silver jubilee and there was significant increase in the number of units by them.
• The number increase to 117 and membership to 4259.  The SNA celebrated its diamond Jubilee with almost three fold increase in the number of units and 7 times increase in membership that is 355 units and 29, 333 member. 
• By September 30, 1998, the numbers of SNA units were 518 and the total membership of SNA was 45171. 
• Since 1961 the student’s nurses are having separate Biennial conference.  These are held alternality with TNAI conferences

OBJECTIVES

• To help students to up had the dignity and norms of the profession for which they are qualifying.
• To promote a cooperative spirit among students for the common good.
• To en courage leadership ability and allow students to gain a wide knowledge of the Nursing profession.
• To encourage both professional and recreational meetings, games and sports.
• To encourage students curricular and extra curricular activities.

PURPOSE

• To have a closer rapport with other student nurse members through meetings, conference, tours and visits to professionally relevant institution.
• To acquire organizational competence and leadership qualities by taking part in the association’s activities held at unit, state and national level.
• To learn how a professional organization plays on effective role on upholding the dignity and honor of the discipline of nursing.
• To develop cooperative spirit among themselves.  Something that becomes an assert for their future career.
• To work for their total development.
• To have an effective voice in what the association stands for and does.

MEMBERSHIP

• Students general nursing and or midwifery B.Sc., (N), Auxiliary Nurse, Midwifes, multipurpose healthy workers (Male and Female) Course of any training school recognized by the Indian Nursing Council can join SNA.
• SNA membership is effected through SNA units.
• Students Nurse get enrolled as SNA members and arrange a general body meeting of students in their particular school/college of Nursing the elect president cum SNA advisor from among members of TNAI.
• Vice president Secretary, treasurer and converser are to be elected from among the student Nurses of various sections of the units.
• It is desirable that every Nursing student joins the SNA and every school/college of Nursing establishes a unit.
• Detailed list of SNA members’ year or batch wise along with free should be to the TNAI head quarters for registration.
• Every unit gets free copies of the Nursing journal of India depending upon the member of members.
• Individual members can have their personal copies by subscribing Rs 50 per annum.

FUNCTIONS OF SNA

• Organizes meeting to discus professional and educational matters at the unit level every month or as and when required.
• State level meeting/conferences are held annually
• National level meeting are held annually and conference is held biennially.
• Holds the state Annual conferences jointly with or independent of the state TNAI conferences.
• Organizes national SNA biennial conferences, fine arts competitions, sports, literary and socio cultural activities scientific exhibition which make the conference fairly interesting & educative.
• Maintain a unit diary which is assessed at the state and National level annually and prizes are awarded.
• Gives an opportunity to the student to contribute to the SNA section the using journal of India where they organises found raising activities to finance the association.

ADMINISTRATION-  Affairs of SNA are administered at different levels as.

UNIT LEVEL-  The executive committee comprising of the SNA advisor cum president as ex office members vice president, secretary, Treasurer and the conveners of various committee.

STATE LEVEL-  It is by the state SNA executive committee comprising of the state TNAI president.

NATIONAL LEVEL -

1. At the Headquarters by the SNA general committee comprising the TNAI president.
2. Hony
3. Treasurer
4. Secretary general
5. SNA adviser
6. State SNA adviser and state leaders.

5. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT

6. THANK YOU

PPT ON CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT

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Concept Of Management Presentation Transcript
 
 1. INTRODUCTION
One of the human activities is managing ever since people began forming groups to accomplish aims they could not achieve as individuals, managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts concepts are building blocks of they and principles. The concept of management must be clear to those who use them. However, a precise definition of management is not so simple because the term management is used in a variety of ways.

2. DEFINITION

• Management has been defined as the creation and maintenance of internal environment in an enterprise where individuals working together in groups, can perform efficiently and towards the attainment of group goals. (Koontz and O’Donell)                
• Management may be defined as the art of applying the environment principles that underline the control of men and material in the enterprise under consideration. (Kimball and Kimball)

3.IMPORTANT REASONS FOR MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
To

• Increase managerial efficiency
• Develop a science of management and to crystallize the nature of management
• Prepare and study research projects every year
• Acquire social achievement

4. STAGES OF MANAGEMENT

• Top management
• Middle order management
• Lowest level management

 5.THE TERM MANAGEMENT IS USED IN THREE ALTERNATIVE WAYS

1. Management as a discipline
2. Management as a group of people
3. Management as a process

1. Management as a discipline
Discipline refers to a field of study having well-defined concepts and principles. When we refer to management as a discipline, we include in it the various relevant concepts and principles, the knowledge of which aides in managing. From this point of view, management can be treated either as an art or science .

2. Management as a group of people
Sometimes, we refer to management as a group of people in which we include all those personnel who perform managerial functions in organizations.

3. Management as a process
A process can simply defined as systematic method of handling activities. How ever the management process can be treated as a complex one which can be referred to as an identifiable flow of information through interrelated stages of analysis directed towards the achievement of an objective or set of objectives

6. PRINCIPLES AND IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT

1) Principles of policy making
    An effective management needs, clear and well thought out policy. The evolved polices should be such which may be acceptable to all and may be able to arouse the interest of the workers and provide incentives to all those who are responsible giving the polices a practical shape.

2) Principles of Improvement and adjustment
    An enterprise is a going concern, it grows step by step steadily but surely. The management has, therefore, to prove itself a living science. It should be flexible, able to accept improvement and adjust itself according to the dictate of the situation.

3) Principles of balance
In order to develop on proper lines with high degree of efficiency and economy the enterprise is required to have a balanced structure. Here, at least for this purpose the chief executives is required to go through all the details minutely and he is also to ensure that a proper balance between the duties, responsibilities rights and authority is well established.

4) Principle of Individual effectiveness
    According to Henri Fayol proper training on scientific lines for increasing the individual effectiveness. Proper training, good wages policy, human relations, and healthy surroundings also help the enterprise in increasing the effectiveness of an individual.

5) Principles of relationship of task and accomplishment
    Everyone should be placed in his assigned job according to his skill, knowledge, aptitude and experience so as to ensure efficiency and understanding. The scientific selection of workers helps the management in placing the workers at places where they are fitted suitably.

6) Principles of simplicity
    Working of any organization should be as simple as possible. From principle of simplicity we mean that plants used in production, procedure followed in routine jobs and the way in which materials and of course the mean are put to use should be simple enough.

7) Principles of specialization
    Standardization is a focal point of scientific management and it comes through specialization. Specialization increases the productivity. Quality of product improves due to specialization.

8) Principle of standardization
    Specialization makes standardization possible. Standardization helps in marketing the product. Quota and quality production is ensured with the help of standardization. Cost calculation becomes easy. The principle of standardization is of utmost importance to the management from the point of view of production, marketing, supervision and best utilization of available resources.

9) Principle of financial Incentives
    Sound wages policy based on financial incentives elicits maximum co-operation of the workers. This obviously ensures growth and prosperity to the enterprise. Serving the society is best possible manner in another goal of management which it can attain if the workers are satisfied and interested in serving the enterprise to their fullest capacity. The principle of financial incentives helps the management in achieving these objectives as well.

10) Principle of planning
    Planned work ensures smooth running of an enterprise. Plans decide as to what, when, how and of course whom a work is to be accomplished. Pre-determined objectives and thought give the point of achievement and success.

11) Principle of control
    However reasonable, discipline efficient and responsible worker might be needs a supervision and proper control. Effective control decides the future of the organization, standardization of jobs and product helps in better control over both men and materials.

12) Principle of leadership
    Supervision and control precedes the leadership, guidance and direction. Unless these are provided properly and as per the requirement of the enterprise no amount of supervision and control can vouch safe the smooth running of the enterprise. A good leadership, better direction, required direction also ensure co-operation and good human velocities.

13) Principle of co-operation
    Co-operation begets confidence and ensures mutual respect. Both of them are a must for proper and smooth working hence the principle and need for co-operation among all of the confidence.

14) Principle of responsibility and authority   
    Duties and responsibilities, rights and authority go together. Rights and authority cannot be exercised, unless they are clearly spelled out. It necessary that each workman and each section of the enterprise must be supplied a list of their duties and responsibilities which is to be performed and rights and authority they would enjoy while shouldering the burden of their duties and fulfilling their responsibilities.

15) Principle of exception
    According to this principle top management should be made free from routine nature of jobs so that it may devote its time in studying the problems and solutions to solve them.

7. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT.

8. THANK YOU.

PPT ON BUDGETING

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Budgeting Presentation Transcript

1. INTRODUCTION
One of the primary objectives of management accounting is to provide information to management for planning and control.  A widely used device for managerial control is the budget.  Because the amount and quality of Nursing Services depended on budgetary plans, nurses should become proficiency will provide the resources necessary for the safe and effective nursing care.

2. DEFINITION
A budget is an estimate of future needs arranged to an orderly basis covering some or all the activities of an enterprise for a definite period of time.                                                                              T.N.Chhabra
Budgeting is the formulation of plans for a given period in numerical terms.                        Harold Koortz

3. PURPOSES OF BUDGET

• Budget supplies the mechanism for translating fiscal objectives into project monthly spending pattern.
• Budget enhances fiscal planning and decision making.
• Budget clearly recognizes controllable and uncontrollable cost areas.
• Budget offers a useful format for communication fiscal objectives.
• Budget allows feed back of utilization of budget.
• Budget helps to identify problem areas and facilitates effective solution.
• Budget provides means for measuring and recording financial success within the objectives of the organization.

4. FEATURES OD BUDGET

• It should be flexible.
• It should be synthesis of past, present, future.
• It should be product of joint venture for co-operation of executives department heads or different level of management.
• It should be in the form of statistical laid down in specific numerical terms.
• It should have support of top management throughout the period of its planning and implementation.

5. IMPORTANCE OF BUDGET

• Budget is needs for planning for future course of action and to have a control over all activities in the organization.
• Budget facilitates co-ordinating operation of various departments and section for realizing organizational objectives.
• Budget serves as a guide for action in the organization.
• Budget helps one to weight the value and to make decision when necessary or whether one is of a greater value in the programme that the order.

6. PRINCIPLES OF BUDGET

• Budget should provide sound financial management by focusing on requirement of the organization.
• Budget should focus on objectives and policies of the organization.  It must flow from objectives and give realistic expression to the way of realistic such objective.
• Budget should ensure the most effective use of scarce financial and non financial resources.
• Budget requires that programme activities planned in advance.
• Budgetary process requires consistent delegation for which fixed duties and responsibilities are required to be allocated to managers at different level for framing and executing budget.
• Budget should include co-ordinating efforts of various departments establishing a frame of reference for managerial decision and providing certain criteria for evaluating managerial performance.
• Selling budget target requires an adequate checks and balance against the adoption of too high or too low estimate, almost care is a must for fixing targets.
• Budget period must be appropriate to the nature of business or service and to type of budget.
• Budget is prepared under the direction on the supervision of the administration or financial officer.
• Budget are to be prepared and interpreted consistently throughout the organization in the communication in the planning process.

7. TYPES OF BUDGET

1.     Incremental budget
2.     Open ended budget
3.     Fixed ceiling budget
4.     Flexible budget
5.     Roll over budget
6.     Performance budget
7.     Programmed budget
8.     Sunset budget
9.     Sales budget
10.     Production budget

8. CLASSIFICATION OF BUDGET
Classified on the basis of :-

• Coverage of functions – Master & Functional budget.
• Nature and activity covered – Capital & Revenue budget.
• Period of Budget – long term and short term budgets.
• Flexibility adopted – Fixed and flexible budget

9. TYPES OF BUDGETING
  There are mainly two types of budgeting.   

1. Performance Budgeting
2. Zero base budgeting.

1. Performance Budgeting-

A performance budgeting is an input/output budget or costs and results budget.  It shows costs matching with operations.  Performance budget emphasis on non financial measures of performance which can be related to financial measures in explaining changes and deviation from planned performance.  Performance measurement are useful for evaluating past performance and for planning future activities.  Performance budgeting, results into the following.

• It correlates the financial and physical aspects of every programme or activity.
• It improves budget formulation, review and decision making at all levels of the organization.
• It facilitates better appreciation and review of organizational activities by the top management.
• It makes possible move effective performance audit.
• It measures progress towards long term objectives.

2.Zero base budgeting.

• This was applied for the first time in preparing the divisional budgets of Texas instruments of the USA in 1971.
• Zero base budget is based on a system where each function, irrespective of the fact whether it is old or new, must be justified in its entirely each time a new budget is formulated.  It requires each managed to justify his entire budget in detail from scratch that zero base.

The process of zero base involves four basic steps.

1. Identification of decision units,
2. Analysis of each decision unit in the context of total decision package.
3. Evaluation and ranking of all decision units
4. Allocation of resources to each unit based upon.

10. FUNCTIONS OF BUDGET IN NURSING

• Identifies the importance of and develops short a long range fiscal plans that reflects unit needs.
• Articulate and documents units needs effectively to higher administrative levels.
• Assess the internal and external environment of the organization in forecasting to identify driving forces and barriers of fiscal planning.
• Demonstrate knowledge of budgeting and uses appropriate technique.
• Provide opportunities for subordinates to participate in relevant fiscal planning.
• Co-ordinates unit level fiscal planning to be congruent with organizational goals and objective.
• Accurately assesses personal needs using predetermined standards or an established patient classification system.
• Co-ordinates the monitoring aspects of budget control.
• Ensure that documentation of clients need for services in clear and complete for facilitate organizational reimbursement.

11.  LIMITATIONS OF BUDGETING

• Planning, budgeting or forecasting is not an exact science; it uses appropriately and judgment which may not be 100% accurate.  At best a budget is an estimate no one knows precisely what will happen in the future.
• The success and utility of budgeting depends on the co-operation and participating of all members of management.  All person should direct their effort according to the plan.  Many time budgeting has paid only lip services to its executing.
• A budget is only a tool and neither eliminates nor takes over the place of management.  A budget cannot be substituted for management but should only be used by management for accomplishing managerial functions.
• The establishment of a budgeting process takes time.  Also sometime too much is expected from a budget and in case expectation are not fulfilled the blame is put on the budget.  An efficient budgeting program requires that responsible person should understand the philosophy, objective and essential of budgeting.

12. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT.

13. THANK YOU

PPT On Nursing Theories

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 Nursing Theories Presentation Transcript

1.INTRODUCTION
   In looking at the single theory approach to nursing, one can only conclude that this is not feasible. It is not lately that one they will be singled out for development voluntarily. It is highly improbable that only one it will develop significant nursing.

2.THEORIES
   A theory is a set of concept, definition, relationship and assumption that project a systematic view of phenomena.
                                                                  (Beck, M., 1999)






3.NURSING THEORIES
   A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting or prescribing nursing care.         
( Karnalc V., 2000)


4. MAJOR CRITERIA’S  

1. Feasibility.
2. Fit
3. Desirability

1. Feasibility-

• Feasibility is the first criteria in the single versus multiple theory.
• Namely it is feasible to support a single theory portion in a discipline already reflecting with multiple theories.
• Through a contemporary, conscious choice by the profession of one emergent theory over all others.
• By some synthesis which incorporation and merges all or most extent theories.
• Through the future emergent of one theory so far superior to others that is acceptance becomes normative.

Choice of one theory over others

• The American nurses association one of the professional organization of nursing would have the most powers in asserting a chosen theory, but it would have little power to prevent publication of alternative theories or to control theory solution by others nursing group.
• At the time in nursing development might agree one theory as superiors to all others fill in the face to facts. Many theory e.g. kings, Levine’s, Rogers, Roy’s and Orem’s.

 A synthetic theory in corp-orating other theory

• To create a third theory which has adoption, as an element is not a synthesis or merges of two previously men tuned meaning for the term.
• It is creation of yet a third concept of adaptation the same is true for all terms. “Borrowed” from others theories and other contexts.
• Theories of really do contain propositions, which are contradictory and cannot be subsumed intelligently under another, broader theory.

Emergence of superior theory

• Pragmatically if a theory is superior it may lead to significant research. In which the application of research leads to marked by better patient result than to lines of research and application which stem from other theories.
• In looking at a single theory approach to nursing one can only conclude that is not feasible. It is not lately that one they will be singled out for development voluntarily.

2.Fit of model to subject matter.
It means the single theory model’s fit the subject matter of nursing. Some disciplines have a single theory that dominates at some given period. But even in these disciplines, theories change overtime.

3.Desirability

•  If nursing possible to make single theory discipline would it be desirable a single theory position.
• It would bring about a premature closure on options for the discipline, judgments to develop any one theory and not to develop other would be based on very little evidence since no single theory has got to be used to develop a significant body of knowledge.

5.PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE – THEORY APPROACH

1. Nursing service
2. Nursing education
3. Nursing research

1.Nursing service

• One major problem of multiple approaches is that as the theories evolve they will tend to call forth different action on the part of the nurse.
• The nurse should do action in a uniform way, as the theories further develops uniformity of action will erase.
• Nursing service institution having difficulty in choosing theories, whether they have no select their own nursing theories, depending on the fit of the theory to the function of that department.

2.Nursing education problem
    Nursing education will have their own problem in a multiple theory system. First theory presents itself in three ways.

• As a subject matter
• As a accepted discipline model
• As interacting with educational theory in a curriculum model
•  If one theory or model considering as an underlying the curriculum while still introducing the student to alternative theories of nursing with in that curriculum since theory potentially affects curriculum in separate ways as content, as discipline model, as component of a curriculum model, the faculty role is a complex one. To work effectively with a single theory require sophistication, to success fully communicate multiple theory requires even greater expertise.

3.Research problems

• Both education practitioners will have to develop a clears understanding of the relationship of theory to research.
• It multiple theory approach is to be used in nursing. Factor to recognize that the research questions asked, the data sought and the conclusions drawn were inherent to a factual theory prevent the development of effective nursing theory indeed this failure is accomplished in the search of many nurse for a unique separate body of knowledge, each theory should built its own body of knowledge.

6. ADVANTAGE OF MULTIPLE – THEORY APPROACH

• Allowing full scope to the in hornet potential of the discipline.
• To more theories that are developed the more opportunities for identifying significant and pragmatically effective approach in nursing.

7.  DISADVANTAGE OF MULTIPLE – THEORY APPROACH

• It is the imposition of an intellectual complex structure upon a profession/discipline previously with an anti – intellectual philosophy.

8. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO THE PPT

9. THANK YOU

PPT On Legislative Issues In Nursing

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 Legislative Issues In Nursing Presentation Transcript

 1. INTRODUCTION
           In today’s complex world, with advancing technologies and an array of societal problems legal issues are important aspects of life. For nurses in practice within the current health care system, knowledge of basic legal concepts is vital.

2.DEFINITIONS

•    Legislation -Legislative bodies exist into enact legislation. The legislative process is a series of steps that a legislative body takes to evaluate, amend and vote on proposed legislation.
•    Issues    -To promote or sent out. In a lawsuit, a disputed pointed of law or question of fact set forth in the pleading that is alleged by one party and denied by the other.
•    Law - The law constituents’ body of principles recognized or enforced by public and regular tribunals has the administration place.
•  Civil law- Civil law protects the right of individuals with in our society and encourages fair and equitable treatment among people.
•  Criminal law -Criminal law prevents harm to society and provides punishment for crones

3.   LEGAL LIMITS OF NURSING

• Standard of care
• Registration
• Nursing council acts.
• Rules and regulations
• Standard operating procedure
• Student nurses

4. LEGAL LIABILITY IN NURSING

1.    Invasion of privacy
2.    Illegal detention
3.    Torts
4.    Unintentional torts
5.    Intentional tort

  1. Invasion of privacy
           The 4th amendment of the U.S. constitution protects every citizen’s right to privacy. Disclosing confidential information to an inappropriate third party or to unauthorized person such as a member of the press or the client’s employer subjects the nurse to a possible slander change or liability.

 2. Illegal detention
           Prevention of movement or unjustified retention of a person without consent may be false imprisonment. Nurses must use restrains carefully and under the approval of a physician. A patient can not be forced to remain in the hospital against his will.

3.Torts
     A tort is a civil wring for which remedy is a common law action for damage that are liquidated and which is not exclusively the breach of contract or trust or a more equitable obligation.
Act of omission   In order to make a person liable for a tort, he must have done some act which he is not expected to must have failed to do his duties.

4.Unintentional torts
1. Negligence/malpractice
        It is an act of omission i.e. neglecting to a something that a reasonably prudent person would do or doing something that he would not do that complaints should contain the following 4 distinct elements
A statement that the defendant has the duty to perform in a certain manner.
An allegation that there was a breath of that duty.
A statement of proximate cause proved by the court
A demand for compensation the cover damages.
   In a malpractice law suit, against a nurse, the following criteria must be established.

• The nurse owed a duty to the client.
• The nurse did not carry out that duty.
• The client was injured.
• The client’s injury was the result of the nurse’s failure carryout the duty properly.

5.Intentional tort

• Assault and battery- Assault is the threat touching another person without his or her consent. Battery is the actual carrying out of such a threat; battery is any intentional touching of another’s body.
• Defamation of character -This includes false communication or communication resulting in injury to a person’s reputation by means of print, by speech. The important issues in a claim of defamation of character are whether harm is done to the reputation of plan off
•  Fraud- It is the willful, purposeful and misrepresentative of self or an act that may cause harm to a person or property.

5. LEGAL CONCEPTS AND THE NURSE CLIENT RELATIONSHIP

• Informed consent
• Death and dying
• Handling of bodies
• Autopsy
• Organ donation
• Short staffing
• Legal safe guards and nursing practice
• Living wills

6.LEGAL ISSUES IN SPECIALTY PRACTICE AREA

• Perinatal nursing
• Pediatric nursing
• Medical surgical nursing
• Critical care unit
• Non – discrimination
• Psychiatric nursing

7.LAWS APPLICABLE TO NURSING PRACTICE

• The right to refuse to treat a patient except in an emergency situation.
• The right to sue for fees.
• The right to add little or descriptions to the name.
• Unregistered practitioners are not allowed to hold appointments in public or local hospitals.
• Fundamental duties.

8.FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

• To exercise a reasonable degree of skill and knowledge in treating patients.
• A practitioner must given personnel attention to her/his cases and answer calls with reasonable.
• Children must be protected from harming themselves.
• The Indian penal code states that poisonous drug be kept in separate containers properly labeled marked.

9. COMMON LEGAL HAZARDS IN NURSING
           Many hazards can be found in the environment of the institution such as slippery floor, faculty, equipment and electric writing absence of bedside rails when required, presence of inflammable substance, inadequate protection from stray animals inadequate lighting etc.

10. FOR MORE INFORMATION REFER TO PPT.

11. THANK YOU