PowerPoint Presentation On Change

Change Is Universal

Vijayrath

VIJAYRATH IS NOVEL ABOUT A PERSON WHO STARTS HIS LIFE WITH NULL AND NOW HE GOT EVERYTHING.WHAT A GREAT NOVEL I LOVE THIS.

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Antenna And Wave Propagation Book

Hello friends today i read a book,its a great book for electronics & communication Engineering students.It have quality content and provide complete material of Antenna & Wave Propagation.Some Key Features Are:-

Best Content
Written According To Rajasthan Technical University
Easy Language
Also Helpful For AIME, GATE, PSU.

If you are an engineering student i think you like this book.

PowerPoint Presentation On UPS

PPT On UPS

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UPS Presentation Transcript:

1. UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY.

2. Product:-
1. Battery charger
2. Static voltage regulator
3. On line ups
4. Isolation transformer
5. Power inverter
6. Servo controlled voltage stablizer
7. Constant voltage transformer

3. Established in 1998, the state-of-the-art manufacturing facility at RIICO industrial area in Jaipur is spread over 8000 sq. ft. of constructed area. It houses latest manufacturing & testing machinery to provide customized as well as standard power solutions. The facility houses high-end machines like Component Mounting Zig to the simpler ones like Motorised Winding Machine to ensure the quality of the end product.

4. WHAT IS AN UPS?
An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is also known as a battery back-up, which provides emergency power and line regulation to the connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available

5. HOW IT IS DIFFER FROM AN INVERTER A TYPICAL SWITCHOVER TIME
UPS : 2 – 4 ms
Inverter : 3-5 sec.

6. HOW DOES A COMPUTER COMMUNICATE WITH A UPS?
Most UPSs have microprocessors that regulate some of the functions and communicate over a LAN cables.

7. TYPE OF UPS
1. The Offline/ standby UPS
2. The line interactive UPS
3. The standby-ferro UPS
4. The double conversion on-line UPS
5. The delta conversion on-line UPS

8. THE LINE INTERACTIVE UPS
Benefits: High reliability High efficiency Good voltage conditioning Limitations: Can not be use over a range of 5kVA

9. THE STANDBY-FERRO UPS
Benefits: Excellent voltage conditioning High reliability Limitations: Low efficiency Limited application because low unstable in efficiency and instability issues.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Railnet Communication

PPT On Railnet Communication

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Railnet Communication Presentation Transcript:

1. HISTORY OF N.W.R
North Western Railway was raised on 1st Oct, 2002. It consist of two divisions each from Northern &Western Railway. The formation of this zone along with five new zones was first approved by Railway Board on 16th Sept, 1996. The main Branch of N.W.R is situated inJagatpura.

2. This branch covers four main division – Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur.
1. Ajmer Division 12 computerized PRS center. includes 130 stations.
2. Bikaner Division Established in 1924. it serves the state of Rajasthan & Punjab.

3. Jaipur Division:
It serves the state of Uttarpradesh, Haryana. 14 computerized PRS center. Jodhpur Division: Established in 1882. It serves the state of Pali, Jalore, Barmier. 15 computerized PRS centre.

4. ELECTRONIC/TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
Telecom exchange are the vital assets of the local communication networking. During the age of information of technology telephone exchange plays a important role for connecting subscriber. Types of Electronic Exchange Automatic Electronic Exchange. C-dot Electronic Exchange. Digital Electronic Exchange.

5. Centre For Development Of Telemetric
C-DOT exchange are commonly used in railways because it use only one microprocessor IC. (65C02) In C-DOT 128 ports are commonly use in railways. Some Important Cards Used In Exchange SLC -CARD In exchange 10 SLC cards are used including 3Trunk card.

6. 2. TRD –CARD
(tone generator card) TRD CARD generate 8 different types of tones to indicate the status of other card. If any type of error is generated by other card Then it will be detected by TRD by generating tone.

 7. MICROWAVE
What is microwave ? It is multi channel directional narrow band radio relay system. Microwaves Communication depends upon the Microwaves. Microwaves essentially very short waves. Microwave frequency spectrum is usually taken to extend from 1Ghz to 30 GHz.

8. Microwave Communication Features
Frequency: 7.125-7.425Ghz It uses Remote Supervision technique. Operate with -48dc supply & Positive terminal is ground.

9. Fading:
Fading is a loss of microwave energy during its propagation from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna. Importance of microwave 1. Increased gain & directivity of antenna. 2. Secrecy 3.Increased capacity in order to transmitted intelligence.

10. For more please refer odur PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Satellite Communication

PPT On Satellite Communication

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Space Solar Power Satellite

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Satellite Communication

PowerPoint Presentation On PLCC

PPT On PLCC

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POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION PPT

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PowerPoint Presentation On Milk Fat Testing

Milk Fat Testing PPT

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Milk Fat Testing Presentation Transcript:

1. COMPANY PROFILE
A vital role in rural development Product ranges from EMT to solar cells Planning to be a 200 million turnover by 2010 Remarkable performance not only in India but also in abroad.

2. Introduction of EMT
Simple,economical,accurate milk fat testing instrument. Measures fat content instantly on a digital read out. Works on a light scattering principle. It operates in AC-mains as well as on battery with inbuilt battery charger.

3. Technical specifications
Measuring range O-13% Fat Capacity 120-150 Sample per hour  Weight 16 Kg. (without diluent) Accuracy (Sd) O-5% Fat: 0.06% Sample Volume O.5m1./test Diluent Volume 6.5m1./test .

4. Principle of measurement
Based on the photometric measurement of light scattered by the milk sample. Light is scattered by fat globule acting as small prisms and proteins. Not only fat globules in the milk contribute to light scattering,but also the proteins may affect the measurement. To elliminate this EDTA solution is used to dissolve this.

5. The range of globule size is limited in milk tester is 0.5 to 1.5 microns. Light rays from photo lamp passed through layer of fluid in cuvette and are scattered. More the fat present in cuvette ,more light scattered and less light passes through the cuvette. The rays passes to photo cell,produces current propotinal to light intensity.current is fed to digital read out which gives fat percentage.

6. Photometer & parts
Photometer->it consists of lamp,lamp housing & detector assembly.detector assembly includes cuvette and photocell. Cuvette->it is made up of 2 hardened glass discs.one has ground depression of 0.4mm & other has 2 holes which provides inlet and outlet to cuvette. Photocell->it is selenium barrier\silicon detector photocell. Lamp->12 volts tungsten lamp.

7. Procedures
Diluent->it is used to dilute the milk samples & dissolve the proteins. Repeatability->it is used to check that instrument is in proper working order , as leaks & poor connections will affect repeatability. Calibration->the purpose of calibration is to adjust the instrument to give results in 2 steps one gives correct linearity, other gives correct results.

8. Advantages of EMT
It can measure upto 0-13% fat content. It is accurate upto 99.99% Light weighted. Easily handled. Even without power supply it can be used with battery for a long duration.

 9. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On Main Distribution Frame And Faults

PPT On Main Distribution Frame And Faults

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Main Distribution Frame And Faults Presentation Transcript:

1. Company Profile
The nine jewels “Navratanas” declared by Indian government are NTPC, VSNL, ONGC, IOC, HPCL, SAIL, BHEL, IPCLAND, and BPCL. Therefore, B.H.E.L. is one of the Navratanas .

2. B.H.E.L is ranked among the top 12 companies in the world for manufacturing power generation equipment.

3. PRESENT POSITION OF B.H.E.L.
At present B.H.E.L. have 14 manufacturing units. The major units are B.H.E.L. –Bhopal, B.H.E.L. – Hyderabad, B.H.E.L. – Triuchy, and B.H.E.L. – Haridwar. The corporate office is situated in New –Delhi and provides necessary top management leadership.

 4. WHAT DO U UNDERSTAND BY COMMUNICATION ….?
Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs".

 5. Types of Communication Systems
Analog Communication Systems Analog message: “Physical quantity that varies with time” Digital Communication Systems Digital message: “Ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete elements”

6. Telephone Exchange
In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls.

7. Electronic Exchange
Pre-digital automatic exchanges. To overcome demerits of traditional exchanges, electronic exchanges are used. The greatest advantage it provides is that no time is lossed in making a connection and a very high speed of operation is possible.

8. How the telephone call is made…??
Outgoing Calls Generally 48-60V always remains on the telephone line. But as the handset is picked-up the voltage limiter drops this voltage to 9-12V. On hearing the dial tone it is confirmed that the apparatus is ready to work and after dialing the number a ringing pulse is send to the called party. When the calling party picks-up the handset the billing meter of the exchange becomes activated. There is a counter in the exchange, which counts the pulse and converts them into calls.

9. Incoming Calls
Just opposite of outgoing calls. In the incoming calls the telephone detects the ringing signal from the exchange and provides the ring. At the instance of ringing signal, there remains a voltage of 75-110V/20 Hz on the telephone. A high voltage (A.C.) is sent from the ringer section of the exchange to start the ringer circuit of the telephone. The duration of this tone, if unattended, is 1 minute after which an engage tone is heard. After lifting the handset a circuit is established and a call is made.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On EWSD

PPT On EWSD

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EWSD Presentation Transcript:

1. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
A TELEPHONE EXCHANGE IS A SYSTEM OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS THAT CONNECTS TELEPHONE CALLS. CLASSIFICATION OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGE LOCAL EXCHANGE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE LEVEL

2 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE LEVEL
1 GATEWAY EXCHANGE
2. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME(MDF) The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; hence it is called as Fault Remove Section. For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or N.E. number of that particular telephone number, than this number is tested by the live tester, printer and computer. Live tester shows us that which type of fault occurs for that particular telephone number. The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the M.D.F., because of some specific reason.

3. ELECTRONIC WORLDWIDE SWITCH DIGITAL (EWSD)
The EWSD are Digital switching system is an integral part of the Powerful Network Solutions. The EWSD switch is designed for incremental expansion in processing power, connectivity and services.

4. BASIC ARCHITECTURE
Digital line unit (DLU) Line/Trunk Group (LTG) Switching Network (SN) Coordination Processor (CP) Common Channel Signaling Network Control(CCNC)Unit or Signaling System Network Control (SSNC)

5. Digital line unit (DLU)
 Functional unit on which subscriber lines are terminated. A single DLU has 4 Shelves, 16 Modules, and 16 Port. Module stands for subscriber line module analog(SLMA). Port stands for subscriber supported by the Module. A Unique Equipment Number(NE) is given to each subscriber. Example-NE of a subscriber is represented by 10-1-1-14

6. Line Trunk Group (LTG)
Digital Trunks and DLUs are connected to LTGs. The line/trunk groups (LTG) forms the interface between the digi­tal environment of a EWSD exchange and the switching network (SN). Call processing functions Safeguarding functions Operation and maintenance functions

7. Coordination Processor (CP)
 It is used for system-wide coordination functions, such as, routing, zoning, etc. However each subsystem in EWSD carryout practically all the tasks arising in their area independently. Storage and administration of all programs, exchange and subscriber data, Communication with operation and maintenance centers, Handling of the man-machine interface.

8. Switching Network (SN)
All the LTGs are connected to the SN which inter connects the line and trunks connected to the exchange in accordance with the call requirement of the subscribers. CCNC and CP are also connected to SN. Different peripheral units of EWSD are connected to the SN via 8192 kbps highways called SDCs (Secondary Digital Carriers).

 9. Switching Techniques In SN
Time Switching The speech samples are stored and transferred to the output during a different timeslot, this technique of timeslot interchange of information is called time switching. In the time switch, the incoming information is written sequentially in a memory.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On DRDO

DRDO PPT

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DRDO Presentation Transcript:

1. Overview
LASTEC is the oldest laboratory in DRDO. It was established in 1950. LASTEC's primary focus is the research and development of various laser materials, components and laser systems, including High Power Lasers. The Director of LASTEC is Dr. Maitree Nanda. My head was Mr. Ravindra Singh Sc ”E”. My guide was Chandraprakash Sc “C”.

2. Inverting Adder Using LF356
Inverting adder is an operational amplifier in which the input is provided at the inverting terminal. The output so obtained will be the addition of all the inputs in inverted form.

3. Non Inverting Adder using LF356
Non-Inverting adder is an operational amplifier in which the input is provided at the non-inverting terminal. The output so obtained will be the addition of all the inputs.

4. Non Inverting Adder using LF356
Non-Inverting adder is an operational amplifier in which the input is provided at the non-inverting terminal. The output so obtained will be the addition of all the inputs.

5. Integrator using R & C
A device which have been constructed to perform integration of the signals applied to it. For eg. The integration of a square wave is a triangular wave.

 6. Differentiator using R & C
A device which have been constructed to perform integration of the signals applied to it. For eg. The differentiation of a square wave is spikes.

7. PID Controller
It is a mechanism which is used in industrial control systems to calculate the error value as the difference between measured process variable and set point. It attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process control inputs. P: Determines the reaction of the current error. I: Determine the reaction based on the sum of recent errors. D: The reaction based on the rate at which error has been changing.

8. Thank You.

PowerPoint Presentation On CCNA

PPT ON CCNA

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CCNA Presentation Transcript:

1. Centre for Electronic Governance (CEG)
Centre for Electronic Governance is an Autonomous body of the Government of Rajasthan under the Department of Technical Education. Foundation stone of CEG was laid down on 8th December 2006 at Khaitan Polytechnic College Jaipur by Hon’ble Ministers for Technical Education. The CEG has been established with a sole aim to provide a conducive environment for creating industry employable IT professionals by the way of arranging seminars lecturers, vocational trainings and industry relevant software trainings.

2. Features
To promote interaction between the Government,Technical Institutes and the Industries To empower students living in the rural areas so as to bridge the urban - Rural gap To produce industry ready IT professionals To help in updating the Curriculum as per the needs of the Industries

3. Aims and Objectives
are Campus Placement Mission (CPM) Campus Placement Related Skills (CPRS) Graduate Placement Mission (GPM) Training for Student

4. Computer Network
A computer network allows users to communicate with other users on the same network by transmitting data on the cables used to connect them. A computer network is defined as having two or more devices (such as workstations, printers, or servers) that are linked together for the purpose of sharing information, resources, or both.

5. Local-Area Networks (LANs)
A local-area network (LAN) can connect many computers in a relatively small geographical area such as a home, an office, or a campus. It allows users to access high bandwidth media like the Internet and allows users to share devices such as printers.

6. Local-Area Networks (LANs)
The general shape or layout of a LAN is called its topology. Topology defines the structure of the network. This includes the physical topology which is the actual layout of the wire or media, and the logical topology which is how the media is accessed by the hosts.

7. Wide-Area Networks (WANs)
A WAN, as the name implies, is designed to work over a larger area than a LAN. A WAN uses point-to-point or point to multipoint, serial communications lines. Point-to-point lines connect only two locations, one on each side of the line. Point-to-multipoint lines connect one location on one side of the line to multiple locations on the other side.

8. Wide-Area Networks (WANs)
Connections across WAN lines may be temporary or permanent. Telephone or dialup lines, might make a temporary connection to a remote network from a computer in a home or small office. In both temporary and permanent cases, computers that connect over wide area circuits must use a modem or channel service unit/data service unit at each end of the connection.

9. Common Networking Devices
A hub is a device that is used to extend an Ethernet wire to allow more devices to communicate with each other.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Direct To Home

PPT On DTH

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DTH Presentation Transcript:

1. How does DTH network work?
In simple terms the service provider broadcasts the signal that is sent to the satellite that then transmits the signal back to earth which is picked up by your dish antenna and fed to your television set.

2. WHY DTH SECTOR?
 DTH is a very attractive sector, on growth front, it has huge opportunities and companies will act aggressively to garner subscribers as it happened in mobile space. Only 5 million homes have DTH connections out of 75 million cable households in India. This is a positive aspect for this sector.

3. Some of the features of DTH
service are as following: DTH offers better quality picture than Cable TV. DTH can reach remote areas where terrestrial transmission and cable TV have failed to penetrate. DTH has also allows for interactive TV services such as movie-on-demand , and e-mail. In DTH, the payments will be made directly by the subscriber to the satellite company offering the service.

4. India currently has 6 major DTH service providers and a total of over 5 million subscriber households. Tata group and Star network owned Tata Sky Zee group owned Dish TV Sun network owned SUNDIRECT DTH. Reliance owned BIG TV Bharti Airtel’s DTH  DD Direct Plus India - DTH Potential DTH to grow from 3.2 mn in 2007 to 43 mn by 2015, with 30% share of Pay TV

5. COMPANY ANALYSIS -
A Birds view of Tata Sky: Tata Sky launched its services pan-India in August 2006. It resulted as a joint venture between the TATA group and the STAR group. It has over 147 channels to choose from Tata Sky recently launched Tata Sky Plus which uses the personal video recording (PVR) technology that allows consumers to record live.

6. Few salient features of the Tata Sky are:
Strongly innovative product offerings . Kick started the category advertising. Focus on heritage. Low cost packages to increase penetration. Tata Sky is collaborating with HUMAX and THOMSON to increase availability of Set Top Box. Tata sky, in order to increase its rural penetration, has tied up with ITC e-Choupal and Godrej Aadhar For Effective distribution Tata Sky has tied up with ITC international Business Division

7. KEY FACTORS OF GROWTH FOR TATA SKY:
The 3 major reasons for growth of Tata Sky that can be explored are: a) SUPERIOR PICTURE QUALITY Unlike analog cable, Tata Sky subscribers can view TV through superior digital DVD quality picture and CD quality sound. b) WIDE ARRAY OF INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS In order to empower the Indian viewer with choice, control and convenience Tata Sky has a wide array of programming choices and interactive services like Active Cooking. c) UNPARALLELED CUSTOMER SERVICE Tata Sky has established an extensive customer service network across the country.

8. PRICING:
The prices of the key brands in the category are as follows: • The price per month of Tata sky (South Jumbo Pack - Rs. 310) is less than that of Dish TV . Number of channels that Tata Sky is providing (128) is more than the number of channels being provided by Dish Tv (119). Tata Sky also provides cost saving economic packages like family and Value packs.

 9. Set Top Box Technology
The basic Set Top Box (STB) takes the signal from the satellite dish and converts it into a signal that can be used by a TV, sound amplifier, etc. STBs can act as a gateway between a television or PC and telephone, satellite , terrestrial or cable feed. The analog STB receives encoded/compressed digital signals from the signal source and decodes/decompresses those signals. converting them into analog signals displayed on your analog television. The STB also accepts commands from the user and transmits these commands back to the network operator.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Advanced Optical Networks

PPT On DWDM

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Advanced Optical Networks Presentation Transcript:

1. What is DWDM
Dwdm is the dense wavelength divison multiplexing It is the tecnology which multiplexes multiple carrier signals on a signal optical fiber is called the Dwdm Wdwm is the increces of the banwidth of the channel this tecnolgoy is called the Dwdm

2. Introduction to DWDM
DWDM systems being deployed today can increase a single fiber’s capacity sixteen fold, to a throughput of 40 Gb/s. Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized transmission technology by increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber. DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks, which includes the backbone networks, the residential access networks, and also the Local Area Networks (LANs).

3. In the dwdm are three areas, developments in the DWDM-based backbone network are leading the way, followed by the DWDM-based LANs. The development on DWDM-based residential access networks seems to be lagging behind at the current time. The multiple channels of information (each having a different carrier wavelength) are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. The number of wavelength channels is above 20 in a WDM system, it is generally referred to as Dense WDM or DWDM.

4. Development of DWDM technology
Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the 1310 nm and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband WDM The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in which two to eight channels were used. These channels were now spaced at an interval of about 400 GHz in the 1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the late 1990s DWDM systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel channels, densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz intervals

5. VARIETIES of WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM and the “follow-on” technologies of CWDM and DWDM have evolved well beyond this early limitation. (i) WDM:- Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel counts being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a distance limitation of less than 100 km.

6. (ii) CWDM:-
The CWDM grid is made up of 18 wavelengths defined within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm. (iii) DWDM:- Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification and regeneration along such a route.

7. DWDM System function
It an optical technology used to increase Band width over existing fiber optic backbones. Dense wavelength division multiplexing systems allow many discrete transports channels by combining and transmitting In effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers. So, if you were to multiplex 32 STM-16 signals into one fiber, you would increase the carrying capacity of that fiber from 2.5 Gb/s to 80 Gb/s. Currently, because of DWDM, single fibers have been able to transmit data at speeds up to 400Gb/s. Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification and regeneration along such a route.

8. Multiplexer or Demultiplexer
Combines/separates discrete wavelengths Multiplexer i s used to single o/p of multichannel Demultiplexer i s used to many o/p of single channel

9. Amplifier
Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side (post amplifier) and on the receive side (preamplifier) In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at different distances from the source to provide recovery of the signal before it is degraded by loss EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Stealth Technology

PPT On Stealth Technology

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Stealth Technology Presentation Transcript:

1. WHAT IS STEALTH TECHNOLOGY????
Stealth technology also known as LO technology (low observable technology) The concept of stealth is to operate or hide without giving enemy forces any indications as to the presence of friendly forces. This concept was first explored through camouflage by blending into the background visual clutter. A modern "stealth" vehicle will generally have been designed from the outset to have reduced or controlled signature. Varying degrees of stealth can be achieved in a particular design by the prediction of likely threat capabilities.

2. STEALTH PRINCIPLES
Stealth technology (or LO for "low observe ability") is not a single technology but It is a combination of technologies as below Radar cross section reductions Acoustics Visibility Infrared Reducing radio frequency emissions

3. RADAR CROSS-SECTION REDUCTIONS
Almost since the invention of radar, various techniques have been tried to minimize detection. Some of the techniques used for this purpose are: 1. vehicle shape 2. non-metallic airframe 3. radar absorbing material

4. Vehicle shape
Aircraft shape makes a significant difference in detectability. Another important factor is the internal construction. Behind the skin of some aircraft are structures known as re-entrant triangles. Radar waves penetrating the skin of the aircraft get trapped in these structures, bouncing off the internal faces and losing energy Stealth design must bury the engines within the wing or fuselage. Planform alignment is also often used in stealth designs which returns a radar signal in a direction away from the radar emitter.

5. NON-METALLIC AIRFRAME
Dielectric composites are more transparent to radar, whereas electrically conductive materials such as metals and carbon fibers reflect electromagnetic energy incident on the material's surface. Composites may also contain ferrites to optimize the dielectric and magnetic properties of the material for its application.

6. RADAR ABSORBING MATERIAL
Radar-absorb Radar-absorbent material (RAM), often as paints, are used especially on the edges of metal surfaces. While the material and thickness of RAM coatings is classified, the material seeks to absorb radiated energy from a ground or air based radar station into the coating and convert it to heat rather than reflect it back.

7. ACOUSTICS
Acoustic stealth plays a primary role in submarine stealth as well as for ground vehicles. Submarines have extensive usage of rubber mountings to isolate and avoid mechanical noises that could reveal locations to underwater passive sonar arrays. Early stealth observation aircraft used slow-turning propellers to avoid being heard by enemy troops below. Stealth aircraft that stay subsonic can avoid being tracked by sonic boom

8. VISIBILITY
The simplest stealth technology is simply camouflage; the use of paint or other materials to color and break up the lines of the vehicle or person. Most stealth aircraft use matte paint and dark colors, and operate only at night. in daylight, against the clear background of the sky, dark tones are easier to detect than light ones or as a sort of active camouflage.

9. INFRA-RED
An exhaust plume contributes a significant infrared signature. One means of reducing the IR signature is to have a non-circular tail pipe order to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of the hot exhaust with cool ambient air. Often, cool air is deliberately injected into the exhaust flow to boost this process. Sometimes, the jet exhaust is vented above the wing surface in order to shield it from observers below. To achieve infrared stealth, the exhaust gas is cooled to the temperatures where the brightest wavelengths it radiates on are absorbed by atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, dramatically reducing the infrared visibility of the exhaust plume. Another way to reduce the exhaust temperature is to circulate coolant fluids such as fuel inside the exhaust pipe, where the fuel tanks serve as heat sinks cooled by the flow of air along the wings.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Secretariat LAN

Secretariat LAN PPT

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Secretariat LAN Presentation Transcript:

1. SEMINAR ON EXPANSION OF NETWORKS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SecLAN

2. INTRODUCTION:
A computer network is a group of computer and devices interconnected by computer channels. It allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices. Most networks use distributed processing in which a task is divided among multiple computers. In distributed processing, instead of one single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process, separate computers handle a subset. A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria. The most importatnt of these are performance, reliability and security.

3. What is LAN:
LAN or Local Area Network is a computer network covering a small physical area such as a home, an office or a small group of buildings. A LAN usually has high data transfer rates, small geographic place, and it does not requires leased telecommunication services. Other characteristics of LAN include full time connectivity to load services, generally lower in cost than a WAN and cabling in primary transmission medium.

4. LAN Design:
The design of a network affects most when it comes to the performance of the network. There are basically two design processes: General network design process Good network design rule

5. General network design process:
It consists of following three general elements: Enviornment given: it includes location of hosts, servers, terminals and other end nodes. Performance constraints: it consists of network reliability, traffic throughput and host/client computer speeds. Internetworking variables: it includes the network topoligy, line capacities and packet flow assignments.

6. Good network design:
It is also known as the 80-20 rule. In a properly designed network, 80 percent of the traffic on a given network segment is local. Not more than 20 percent of the network traffic should need to move across a backbone. Backbone congestion can indicate that traffic patterns are not meeting the 80-20 rule. In this case, network performance can be improved by: Moving resources Moving users Adding servers.

7. Virtual local area network
VLANs or Virtual LAN are used to simulate several logical Ethernet networks on the same physical infrastructure. VLANs are independent broadcast domain which don’t share any layer two communications. There are two main ways of defining VLANs: Per service: common services are grouped in a common VLAN, across many locations. Per location: VLAN scope is limited to a location, for example to a floor or a computer center.

8. OSI MODEL:
The open system interconnection model is a layered frame work for the design of network system that allow for communication across all types of computer systems. It consists of seven separate but related layers: Physical layer Data link layer Network layer Transport layer Session layer Presentation layer Application layer

9. Transmission media in local area network
The Transmission medium is material substance (solid, liquid or gas) which can propagate energy waves. There are three types of transmission medium used in LAN’s. These are twisted pair, coaxial cable and optic fiber. Twisted pair is mostly used in connections of star and hub networks. Coaxial cable is one of the most important kinds of transmission medium used in LAN’s. It is mainly used in bus network with baseband and broadband transmission. An optic cable is often used in backbone networks because its wide bandwidth is cost effective.

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Goal Setting

PPT On Goal Setting

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Goal Setting Presentation Transcript:

1. Do you have a goal???

2. Goals should be...
Specific Getting an “A” in Math and a “B” in Accounts is much more specific than just saying that you would like to get good grades this semester Measurable You’re more likely to keep up if you can see progress toward your goal. For example, getting an “A” on your midterm is measurable progress toward getting an “A” in the class.

3. Moderately
difficult A goal that is too hard or too easy will decrease your motivation and won’t show you what you’re really capable of accomplishing. Use what you’ve accomplished in the past as a guide Self-chosen You are much more likely to achieve a goal that you set for yourself than one that has been set for you

 4. Positive
Say what you do want to accomplish instead of what you don’t want to do. “I will attend all classes,” is much better than “I won’t skip any classes.” Realistic Winning a marathon after two weeks of training is an unrealistic goal. Use what you’ve accomplished in the past to set a reasonable goal for the future.

5. Flexible
If it looks like you can’t reach your original goal, be flexible and redraw your plan Associated with a deadline When do you plan on accomplishing this goal, in a month, day, or year?

6. Written down
It will serve as a better reminder to keep you motivated

7. Where goal setting can go wrong
When goal setting is disorganized For example, keep personal and academic goals separate When goals are unrealistic For example, becoming a company CEO immediately after graduation is an unrealistic goal Goals that are ‘beyond’ your control For example, winning the lottery is definitely beyond your control

8. When goals are vague For example, “becoming successful” or “becoming a better student” are not clear goals to work toward. When you set too many goals At any one time you should focus on achieving only three or four goals

 9. SMART Goals:
S – Specific
M – Measurable
A – Attainable or Achievable
R – Realistic
T – Time-bound

10. For more please refer our PPT. Thanks.

PowerPoint Presentation On Time Management

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Time Management Presentation Transcript:

1. Time Management

2. Before you Begin Make Post-it Reminders Post each reminder in a prominent place so you will see it everyday. Your alarm clock, bathroom mirror, fridge, cd player, car dashboard are good places for these reminders.

3. Time Management
1 The Present 2 86,400 3 Tick When I Should Tock? 4 Am I Working My “A’s” Off? 5 Conquer Procrastination 6 Pacing 7 Take the Offensive With a Planner 8 Be Realistic in your Expectations 9 Is The Jar Full? 10 Be the Bunny

4. The Present
Yesterday is History Tomorrow’s a Mystery But Today is a Gift That’s Why They Call it The Present

 5. Time is a Non Renewable Resource
Once it is gone, it is gone. You will never see this moment again.

6. A Fordham University Study of first year students found the following: On weekdays students spent TWICE as much time on leisure activities as on studying. On weekends students spent SIX TIMES as much time on leisure activities as on studying.

7. Finding your LQ
For the next week, keep a close record each day of how much time you spend on leisure activities. Leisure activities are important to help you recharge, but too much can be detrimental.

8. Eighty Six Thousand Four Hundred
Picture this: Each day your bank deposits Rs. 86,400 in your checking account. There’s just one catch. You have to spend it all in one day. You can’t carry over any money to the next day.

9. What would you do? You’d spend it all, Right?

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PowerPoint Presentation On Life Skills

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PowerPoint Presentation On Creativity

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Creativity Presentation Transcript:

1. CREATIVITY A PERSPECTIVE

2. DEFINITIONS OF CREATIVITY
“ Looking where all have looked , and seeing what no one has seen.”

3. THE WAY YOUR BRAIN IS RECOGNISED LEFT BRAIN
process information in logical analytical stages RIGHT BRAIN artistic Brain

4. Creativity is a mental process utilizing all of the brain’s specialized capabilities. It’s therefore “whole brained”.

5. CREATIVITY IN INDIVIDUALS
Resource x Motivation x Creative Thinking Skills

6. CREATIVITY TIPS
 Look beyond the first correct answer! Make connections Use Metaphors, Similies and analogies to generate new ideas Do something different than you usually do New insights, inspirations and creative leaps can appear any time at any place – in the shower , over lunch or when you awake in the morning They can disappear as quickly as they appear. Record it. Jot it down or draw picture.

7. VISIONEERING
The process of Creative Thinking by empowered individuals together…….

8. WHO IS A VISIONEER
A visioneer is an individual who: Focuses on the future with New Ideas Creates new innovations as a “Change” agent. Teaches or facilitates others to expand their potential to be creative visioneers Works together with empowered partners for common goals.

9. VISIONS AND IDEAS ARE IMPORTANT

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PowerPoint Presentation On Communication Skills

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PowerPoint Presentation On Assertiveness

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Assertiveness Presentation Transcript:

1. ASSERTIVENESS
“DON’T SAY YES WHEN YOU WANT TO SAY NO”
-Herbert Fensterhein

2. DOES IT HAPPEN TO YOU?
 Do you often find that others coerce you into thinking their way? Is it difficult for you to express your feelings openly and honestly? Do you sometimes lose control and become angry at others?

3. Do you yell at your group mates when they don’t pay any heed to your idea?
 “YES” is an expression of “LACK OF ASSERTION OR ASSERTIVENESS IN COMMUNICATION”

4. “I’m OK, you’re OK”: people are in the ‘get on with’ position “I’m OK, you’re not OK” : people are in the ‘get rid of’ position “I’m not OK, you’re OK”: people are in the ‘get away position’ “I’m not OK, you’re not OK” : people are in the ‘get nowhere’ position All four positions have bearing on individual thinking and subsequent verbal manifestations (communication)

5. AGGRESSION
Getting my own way anyway – cost to others, not my concern No interest or respect for the rights, wants or needs of others Usually destructive – physically or psychologically or both The basic message remains: “This is what I think – you’re stupid for believing differently. This is what I want – what you want is not important.”

6. AGGRESSION IMPORTANT PROCESS VARIABLES:
Invasive/angry staring-eye contact Loud strident voice, Invasion of spatial boundaries, Use of aggressive gestures Stiff or muscled up posture, Towering over others, etc

7. AGGRESSION AFTERMATH:
Aggression often breeds aggression- a vicious cycle Aggression can make us unpopular Aggression discourages helping hands in the future Short-term and myopic “feel-good” factor

8. PASSIVITY
Violating one’s own rights by failing to express honest feelings, thoughts and beliefs in a manner easily disregarded by others The basic message: “My feelings don’t matter – only yours do. My thoughts aren’t important – yours are the only ones worth listening to. I am nothing – you are superior.”

9. PASSIVITY
Behaving as other people’s rights matter more than our own Goal is to appease others and to avoid conflict at any cost Passive people don’t consider as if they have the right to: Have an opinion, Contribute, and Be valued

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PowerPoint Presentation On Story Of Life

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PowerPoint Presentation On Internal Environment

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Internal Environment Presentation Transcript:

1. Conditions, entities, events, and factors within an organization which influence its activities and choices, particularly the behavior of the employees.

2. VALUE SYSTEM
Coherent set of values adopted and/or evolved by a person, organization, or society as a standard to guide its behavior in preferences in all situations.

3. Guide to planning & daily management States fundamental purposes Unique qualities or distinctiveness Commitments to constituencies Major emphases, directions, & services

4. Objectives are those ends that the organisation seeks to achieve by its existence and operation. Objectives are more specific than goals Objectives depend on mission, goals, strategists, internal and external analysis and the resultant SWOT

5. “Brand image is everything. It is the sum of all tangible & intangible traits the ideas, beliefs, values, prejudices, interests, features & ancestry that make it unique. A brand image visually & collectively represents all internal & external characteristics the name, symbol, packaging, literature, signs, vehicles & culture. It's anything & everything that influences how a brand or a company is perceived by target constituencies or even a single customer.

6. Extends +ve consumer feelings to new products 1Enables higher pricing Enables increased repeat buying Attracts quality employees Increased financial viability as ranked by analysts and corp. raters

7. Conflict between workers & managers Interdepartmental conflicts and mistrust Unhealthy competition & conflict between employees Office politics and discrimination at workplace Corruption & Misuse of office position Sexual harassments.

8. A pro-active approach to ensure the long-term viability and integrity of the business by optimizing resource needs, reducing environmental, energy or social impacts and managing resources

9. Business Sustainability
Business sustainability is the increase in productivity and/or reduction of consumed resources without compromising product or service quality, competitiveness, or profitability. Examples include: Facility efficiencies (HVAC, water, raw materials, etc.) Material and process improvements Supply chain efficiencies Products or services that are more efficient (i.e. hybrid cars, renewable fuels, etc.) Recycling Telecommuting Optimization of any resource use

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PowerPoint Presentation On Media Planning

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Media Planning Presentation Transcript:

1. Media –planning is the series of decisions involved in delivering the promotional message in most effective manner to the number of potential customers at lower cost. In brief,media planning includes the answer to following 5 W’S 2 WHERE: where are potential customers located?

2. 1 WHOM: whom do we want to reach?
2 WHERE: where are potential customers located?
3 WHAT: what type of message is to be communicated?
4 WHICH: which media is to be selected for communicating with our target audience?
 5 WHEN: when ad is to be issued?

3. Press models Cinema models Computer media planning models

4. Insufficient information Inconsistent terminologies Time pressures Difficulty measuring effectiveness Inadequate expertise Difficulty in cost comparison

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PPT On New Product Development

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New Product Development Presentation Transcript:

1. WHAT IS PRODUCT PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TYPES OF NEW PRODUCT CHALLENGES IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT WHY NEW PRODUCT FAILS NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

2. Before knowing what is New Product Development we must know what is product ? A product is anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. Or We can say that product is anything which have the capability to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers or end users.

3. New Product Development (NPD); is “The term used to describe the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market.” “New product development refers to original products, product improvements, product modifications, and new brands developed from the firm’s own research and development” Or We can say that “The process of designing and launching the product into the market. Products that are either original, improved modified or new brands by means of research and development activities.”

4. Bozz, Hamilton & Allen identified six categories of New Products:- New to the world product New product lines Addition to the existing product lines Improvement & revisions of existing products. Repositioning Cost reduction

5. Several factors tend to hinder the new product development :- Social and government constraints. Shortage of ideas in certain areas. Fragmented market. Cost of developments Capital shortage. Faster required development time. Shorter product life cycle.

6. Poor organization system for handling New Product Ideas. Poor market planning. Poor forecasting and market research. High product development cost. Questionable pricing strategy. Bad timing of introduction of new product. Lack of advertisement. Poor product decision. Over optimism about market plans.

7. The following steps which are followed in New product development process are as follows:- Idea generation Idea screening Concept development and testing Marketing strategy development Business analysis Product development Marketing strategy Test marketing Commercialization

8. It is necessary for growth of enterprises. It ensures the sales and profit maximization of the firm. All products decline with time (life cycle)‏ The market is dynamic. Technical innovation is permanent etc…….

9. So to conclude we can say that new product development is necessary to establish an effective organization for managing the development process. Marketing should participate with other departments in every stage of new product d development.

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PowerPoint Presentation On Pest Analysis

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Pest Analysis Presentation Transcript:

1. What is PEST Analysis?
This analysis is essential for an organization before beginning its marketing process Consists of internal environment and external environment

2. Break up of PEST
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Socio Cultural Factors
Technological Factors

3. Political Factors
This is the most important influence on the regulation of any business. How stable is the political environment? Influence the Government Policy / Law on your business Government’s position on Marketing Ethics Government’s policy on the economy Government’s view on culture under religion

4. Political Factors - Contd.
Political System is responsible for Law Making. Immediate laws which affect any business in general are Central Excise, Sales Tax/ VAT, Corporate Income Tax, Personal Income Tax & Service Tax Environmental Protection Law Controls if any on Marketing Strategies Like Marketing / Advertising of Cigarettes, Tobacco, Alcohol etc.

5. Political Factors - Contd..
Control on Pricing like sugar, drugs etc. Government Policies on the Economy Role of Public Sector Role of Private Sector Role of Joint Sector

6. Economic Factors
Government outlook towards Bank Financing Interest Rates Exchange Rate Mechanism Incentives for Exports Restrictions for Imports Inflation Labour Policies

7. Economic Factors - Contd.
Level of Government Spending Avenues for Capital Creation Size of the Capital Market Role of the Regulator Type of the Instruments Nature of the Investors

8. Economic Factors - Contd.
Business Cycles Monsoon Energy Availability Cost of Energy

9. Socio-Cultural Factors
 Demographics Distribution of Income Social Mobility Life Style Changes Consumerism Educational Levels

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PowerPoint Presentation On E-Commerce

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1. WHAT IS E-TRADING ?
THE MARKETING BUYING AND SELLING OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ON THE NET . IT BRINGS THE UNIVERSAL ACCESS OF THE NET TO THE CORE BUSINESS PROCESSES OF BUYING AND SELLING OF GOODS AND SERVICES.

2. E-COMMERCE ENABLES ORGANISATIONS TO ACCOMPLISH THE FOLLOWING GOALS: REACH NEW MARKETS CREATE NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES BUILD CUSTOMER LOYALTY ENRICH HUMAN CAPITAL MAKE THE BEST USE OF EXISTING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ACHIEVE MARKET LEADERSHIP AND COMPETETIVE ADVANTAGE

3. ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERECE
LOWER COST ECONOMY HIGHER MARGIN BETTER CUSTOMER SERVICE QUICK COMPARISION SHOPPING PRODUCTIVE GAINS MARKET KNOWLEDGE TEAM WORK INFORMATION SHARING CONVINIENCE

4. LIMITATIONS OF E-COMMERCE SECURITY
E- COMMERCE IS NOT FREE CUSTOMER RELATION PROBLEM PRODUCTS PEOPLE WON’T BUY ONLINE CONSUMER SEARCH IS NOT EFFICIENT SYSTEM SCALABILITY

5. DEBIT CARD
A KIND OF PAYMENT CARD THAT TRANSFERS FUND DIRECTLY FROM THE CUSTOMERS BANK ACCOUNT TO THE MERCHANT CREDITCARD A PLASTIC CARD WITH A PRE-ARRANGED SPENDING LIMIT BASED ON THE CREDIT CARD HOLDER’S CREDIT RATING,EMPLOYMENT RECORD ETC. SMART CARD A CARD WITH A BUILT IN CHIP CAPABLE OF STORING INFORMATION IN ITS MEMORY . E-CASH ,DIGI CASH, E-WALLET E-CASH IS AN ELECTRONIC MEDIUM FOR MAKING PAYMENT. E-WALLET IS AN ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM THAT OPERATES LIKE A CARRIER OF E-CASH AND INFO IN THE SAME WAY A REAL WORLD WALLET FUNCTION.

6. VALUE CHAIN IN E-COMMERCE

7. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

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PowerPoint Presentation On Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless Sensor Networks Presentation Transcript:

1. INTRODUCTION WSN
are used to collect data from the environment. They consists of large number of sensor nodes and one or more Base Stations. The nodes in the network are connected via Wireless communication channels. Each node has capability to sense data, process the data and send it to rest of the nodes or to Base Station. These networks are limited by the node battery lifetime.

2. ADVANTAGES
It avoid lot of wiring. It can accommodate new devices at any time. Its flexible to go through physical partitions. It can be accessed through a centralised monitor.

3. DISADVANTAGES
It is very easy for hackers to hack it as we cant control propagation of waves. Comparitively low speed of communications. Gets distracted by various elements like Blue-tooth. Still costly at large.

 4. Sensor node functionality
Each sensor node contains a computational module (a programmable unit) which provides computation ability, storage, and bidirectional communication with other nodes in the system Two advantages: They can be re-task in the field Easily communicate with the rest of the network

5. Gateway
Each sensor patch contains a gateway node Each gateway node can communicate with the sensor network and provides connectivity to the transit network

6. Transit Network
Can consist of a single hop link or a series of networked wireless nodes Each transit network design has different characteristics Robustness Bandwidth Energy efficiency Cost Manageability

7. Base Station
Data storage for the collection of sensor patches WAN connectivity will be wireless Base-Remote link connection to the internet

8. WSN PROTOCOLS
Wireless sensor network routing protocols can be classified into following categories. Direct communication Flat protocols (Multihop) Hierarchical Routing Protocols

9. Applications of WSN
Environmental/Habitat monitoring Acoustic detection Seismic Detection Military surveillance Inventory tracking Medical monitoring Process Monitoring

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PowerPoint Presentation On Fiber Optics

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1. HISTORY
It began about 40 years ago in the R&D labs (Corning, Bell Labs, ITT UK, etc.) first installed commercially in Dorset, England by STC and Chicago, IL, USA in 1976 by AT&T. By the early 1980s, fiber telecommunications networks connected the major cities . Modern fiber-optic communication systems generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical fiber. The information transmitted is typically digital information.

2. Why Optical Fibers ?
As mans need for communication increased, the amount of bandwidth required increased exponentially. Initially we used smoke signals, then horse riders for communicating. But these ways were way to slow and had very little bandwidth or data caring capacity. Optical Fiber,~ the diameter of human hair, can carry 5,00,000 circuits of voice and data. This capacity is increasing day by day as supporting electronics is developing.

3. The light source (LAZER) at the transmitting (Tx) end is modulated by the electrical signal and this modulated light energy is fed into the Optical Fiber. At the receiving end (Rx) this light energy is made incident on photo-sensors which convert this light signal back to electrical signal.

4. Telecommunications
Internet Access Cable and Satellite Television Decorative Light Source

5. Components
Cladding-cover with a protective or insulating layer of other material

6. Characteristics
Glass Core Glass Cladding Ultra Pure Ultra Transparent Glass Made Of Silicon Dioxide Low Attenuation Popular among industries

7. VARIOUS TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLES
OPGW Cable ADSS type OF Cable Self-Support AERIAL figure 8 type OF Cable LASHED type OF Cable UNDERGROUND / BURRIED type OF Cables DUCT Type OF Cable

8. Fiber Optic Connectors
Since fiber optic technology was introduced in the late 70s, numerous connector styles have been developed - probably over 100 designs. Each new design was meant to offer better performance

9. Types Of Fiber Optic Connectors
The ST/SC connectors about 0.1 inch - so they can be mixed and matched to each other Volition is a simple, inexpensive duplex connector It aligns fibers in a V-groove like a splice.

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